The Genera Empedobacter and Myroides
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The Genera Empedobacter and Myroides CELIA J. HUGO, BRITA BRUUN AND PIET J. JOOSTE
Introduction Formerly belonging to the genus Flavobacterium, the genera Empedobacter and Myroides have now been included in the family Flavobacteriaceae as set out in the introductory chapter on Flavobacteriaceae of this edition (see An Introduction to the Family Flavobacteriaceae in this Volume by Bernardet and Nakagawa). Both these genera are known to have a clinical origin and to be resistant to a wide range of antimicrobials. The aim of this chapter is to give the reader more detail on the taxonomy, phylogeny, habitat, isolation and preservation, identification, pathogenicity and applications of these genera.
Taxonomy and Phylogeny Members of both genera, Empedobacter and Myroides, were formerly included in the genus Flavobacterium, family Bacteriaceae, tribe Chromobacterieae, and were known as Flavobacterium breve (Bergey et al., 1923) and Flavobacterium odoratum (Stutzer and Kwaschnina, 1929), respectively. These genera have now been included as two of the 25 genera of the family Flavobacteriaceae (Reichenbach, 1989). The phylogeny and taxonomy of this family are discussed in detail by Bernardet and Nakagawa in Introduction to Flavobacteriaceae in this Volume.
Empedobacter This organism was isolated for the first time in 1888 by Mori from canal water and was simply known as “the short canal bacillus” (Mori, 1888). In 1890, Lustig named it “Bacillus brevis,” the only validly published name of this organism until 1994. This name was also used by Frankland and Frankland (1894). After that, this organism was given a variety of names which, unfortunately, were not validly published, namely “Bacillus canalicolis brevis” (Cornil and Babes, 1890), “Bacillus canalis parvus” (Eisenberg, 1891), “Bacterium canalis parvus” (Chester, 1897), “Bacterium canale” (Mez,
1898), “Pseudobacterium brevis” (Krasil’nikov, 1949), and “Empedobacter breve” (Prévot, 1961). In 1923, Bergey et al. transferred Bacillus brevis to the color genus Flavobacterium (which they created) as F. brevis; this name was used by Stutzer and Kwaschnina (1929) for their isolates. In the eighth edition of Bergey’s Manual, Weeks (1974) corrected the epithet to Flavobacterium breve. In conjunction with an emended description of the genus, Holmes and Owen (1979a) made a request to reject Flavobacterium aquatile and to replace it with F. breve as the type species of the genus. The Judicial Commission of the International Committee on Systematic Bacteriology, however, denied this request, stating that there was no real potential for confusion if F. aquatile was retained, nor were there strong arguments found in the International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria for rejecting F. aquatile as the type species of the Flavobacterium genus (Wayne, 1982). Lustig (1890) did not designate the type strain of B. brevis, and no neotype strain appears to have been proposed for this species until Holmes et al. (1978) proposed NCTC 110
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