The Genera Vibrio and Photobacterium
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The Genera Vibrio and Photobacterium J. J. FARMER III AND F. W. HICKMAN-BRENNER
Introduction Both Vibrio and Photobacterium are old genera that were described in the 1800s. The genus name Vibrio was coined by Pacini in 1854 during his studies on cholera, and it is one of the oldest names for a bacterial genus. Pacini also named the cholera bacillus, which eventually became V. cholerae, the type species for the genus Vibrio. Much of the history and literature on Vibrio came from medical microbiology and concerned cholera and other similar vibrios that early bacteriologists had difficulty in differentiating from the true cholera bacillus. In contrast, the genus name Photobacterium was coined by Beijerinck (188a) who was interested in environmental microbiology. Most of the literature on Photobacterium and on the marine species of Vibrio has come from environmental microbiologists, particularly those studying bacteria found in the sea. Unfortunately, there has been a poor interchange of ideas, information, and bacterial cultures between these two disciplines, which has led to considerable confusion in the literature. The methods for isolation and identification used by the two groups of workers are quite different and add further confusion. Several of the Vibrio species are very important in human or animal disease, and many of the species of Vibrio and Photobacterium are widely distributed in the environment. Many papers review various aspects of the two genera including: animal diseases (Anderson and Conroy, 1970; Baross et al., 1978; Sinderman, 1970); basic biology (Baumann and Baumann, 1977); enzyme structure and function (Bang et al., 1978b; Baumann and Baumann, 1973, 1978; Crawford, 1975; Gee et al., 1975); cellular structure or composition (Eberhard and Rouser, 1971); ecology and distribution (Golten and Scheffers, 1975; Harrell et al., 1976); human infections (Blake et al., 1979; Ryan, 1976; Wachsmuth et al., 1980; World Health Organization Scientific Working Group, 1980); physiology and metabolism (Doudoroff, 1942b; Eagon and Wang, 1962; Gauthier, 1976; Humm, 1946; IngraThis chapter was taken unchanged from the second edition.
ham, 1962; Payne et al., 1961; Richter, 1928; Stanier, 1941); nucleic acid structure, function, or relatedness (Baumann and Baumann, 1976; Schiewe et al., 1977); nutrition (Doudoroff, 1942a); symbiotic relationships (Reichelt et al., 1977; Ruby and Morin, 1978); and taxonomy (Baumann et al., 1971a; Baumann et al., 1984; Fitzgerald, 1977; Hendrie et al., 1970; Reichelt and Baumann, 1975; Shewan and Véron, 1974; Singleton and Skerman, 1973).
History The Concept of “Marine Vibrios”; Requirement for Na+ and Other Ions (Baumann and Baumann, 1981) The first comprehensive study of bacteria indigenous to the oceans was done by Bernhard Fischer (1894) of the University of Kiel. His major conclusions have been confirmed and extended by numerous investigators who have shown that the majority of the heterotrophic bacteria in the open ocean
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