The Glutamate/GABA-Glutamine Cycle Amino Acid Neurotransmitter Homeo
Fundamental biochemical studies of basic brain metabolism focusing on the neuroactive amino acids glutamate and GABA combined with the seminal observation that one of the key enzymes, glutamine synthetase is localized in astroglial cells but not in neuron
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Arne Schousboe Ursula Sonnewald Editors
The Glutamate/ GABAGlutamine Cycle Amino Acid Neurotransmitter Homeostasis
Advances in Neurobiology Volume 13
Series Editor Arne Schousboe
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8787
Arne Schousboe • Ursula Sonnewald Editors
The Glutamate/ GABA-Glutamine Cycle Amino Acid Neurotransmitter Homeostasis
Editors Arne Schousboe Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen, Denmark
Ursula Sonnewald Department of Neuroscience Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) Trondheim, Norway Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen, Denmark
ISSN 2190-5215 ISSN 2190-5223 (electronic) Advances in Neurobiology ISBN 978-3-319-45094-0 ISBN 978-3-319-45096-4 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-45096-4 Library of Congress Control Number: 2016956107 © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Contents
1
Introduction to the Glutamate–Glutamine Cycle ................................ Ursula Sonnewald and Arne Schousboe
2
Glucose, Lactate, β-Hydroxybutyrate, Acetate, GABA, and Succinate as Substrates for Synthesis of Glutamate and GABA in the Glutamine–Glutamate/GABA Cycle....................... Leif Hertz and Douglas L. Rothman
3
4
Anaplerosis for Glutamate Synthesis in the Neonate and in Adulthood ..................................................................................... Eva Brekke, Tora Sund Morken, Anne B. Walls, Helle Waagepetersen, Arne Schousboe, and Ursula Sonnewald Enzyme Complexes Important for the Glutamate–Glutamine Cycle .............................................
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