The Gut Microbiome and Bone Strength
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BIOMECHANICS (G NIEBUR AND J WALLACE, SECTION EDITORS)
The Gut Microbiome and Bone Strength Macy Castaneda 1 & Jasmin M. Strong 1 & Denise A. Alabi 1 & Christopher J. Hernandez 1 Accepted: 29 September 2020 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Purpose of Review Osteoporosis is commonly diagnosed through the clinical assessment of bone quantity using bone mineral density; however, the primary clinical concern is bone fragility. Bone fragility is determined by both bone quantity and bone quality. Over the past decade, the gut microbiome has emerged as a factor that can regulate diseases throughout the body. This review discusses how microbial organisms and their genetic products that inhabit the gastrointestinal tract influence bone quantity, bone quality, and bone strength. Recent Findings Recent studies have shown that the gut microbiome regulates bone loss during estrogen depletion and glucocorticoid treatment. A series of studies has also shown that the gut microbiome influences whole bone strength by modifying bone tissue quality. The possible links between the gut microbiome and bone tissue quality are discussed focusing on the effects of microbiome-derived vitamin K. Summary We provide a brief introduction to the gut microbiome and how modifications to the gut microbiome may lead to changes in bone. The gut microbiome is a promising target for new therapeutic approaches that address bone quality in ways not possible with current interventions. Keywords Gut microbiome . Bone quantity . Bone quality . Bone material properties . Vitamin K
Introduction Osteoporosis is characterized by bone loss and degradation of bone architecture leading to an increased risk of fracture during normal activities. Although low bone mineral density is the primary indicator of osteoporosis, fracture, not low bone density, is the primary clinical concern. Clinical fracture is the mechanical failure of the bone and is determined by the applied loads (e.g., a fall from standing height) as well as the ability of the bone to resist failure. Resistance to mechanical failure is determined by both the bone quantity and bone quality. Understanding the factors that contribute to mechanically relevant components of bone quantity and quality is necessary to reduce fracture risk below what is possible with current treatments [1•]. Bone quantity and quality are determined by genetic background, nutritional history, and hormonal status. This article is part of the Topical Collection on Biomechanics * Christopher J. Hernandez [email protected] 1
Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, 124 Hoy Road, 355 Upson Hall, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
The gut microbiome has recently emerged as a factor that can have a profound effect on bone quantity, quality, and overall bone strength. The gut microbiome consists of the community of microbial organisms that inhabit the gastrointestinal tract, including bacteria, archaea, single-celled eukaryotes, viruses, and their genetic components
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