Gut Microbiome in Microbial Pathogenicity
Gut microbiota with diverse population has gained a lot of attention in the last decade. This microbial population along with maintaining homeostasis in gut also shapes the immune system in gut by interacting with various arms of the immune system. It has
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Gut Microbiome in Microbial Pathogenicity Pragya Misra and Shailza Singh
Abstract
Gut microbiota with diverse population has gained a lot of attention in the last decade. This microbial population along with maintaining homeostasis in gut also shapes the immune system in gut by interacting with various arms of the immune system. It has an important role in development of gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALTs), regulating the Th17 cells development by intrinsic mechanism along with their importance in differentiation of Th17 cells in lamina propria. It has also been observed that host-intestinal T cell mutualism is also maintained by Treg-cell response generated due to microbial colonization. Along with this, in this chapter, we have focussed on mechanism by which these commensal confer resistance to various infections. Deciphering all this knowledge about gut-host interaction, the present chapter aims at understanding how to modulate gut microbiome for personalized medicine. It is well proven that microbiome acts as an important player in drug response variability or toxicity for various diseases. This provides a lead to understand ways by which microbiome could be used as a target for improving the efficacy of drugs along with safety by manipulating its composition. Various strategies have been adapted for this such as pathogenspecific approach, faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), removing specific strain or species of a bacteria, inhibiting metabolic function of gut microbiota enzymes, introducing engineered strains in the gut and genetically modifying bacterial cells present in the gut. Thorough evaluation of all the available literature made us give our insight which suggests that developing microbial therapeutics which could be well adapted in the specific body environment is necessary for its efficient activity. Based on this observation, we suggest that construction of
P. Misra · S. Singh (*) National Centre for Cell Science, NCCS Complex, Ganeshkhind, SPPU Campus, Pune, India e-mail: [email protected] # Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020 S. Singh (ed.), Metagenomic Systems Biology, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8562-3_1
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P. Misra and S. Singh
synthetic circuits which could be functionally active in in vivo conditions along with establishing regulatory frameworks for safety could be fruitful approach. Keywords
Gut microbiota · Gut immune system · Drug metabolism · Drug toxicity · Faecal microbiota · Personalized medicine
Abbreviations GALTs LTi ILFs AID EHEC FXR CDDL CDI FMT
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Gut-associated lymphoid tissues Lymphoid tissue inducer Isolated lymphoid follicles Activation-induced cytidine deaminase Enterohaemorrhagic E. coli Farnesoid X receptor Cytidine deaminase C. difficile infection Faecal microbiota transplantation
Introduction
Gut microbiota comprises of diverse microbial population that is present in the intestine. This microbial population is of immense benefits to the host; most importantly, it shapes the gut immune system (Round and Mazmanian 2009) by helping in its devel
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