The impact of cell structure, metabolism and group behavior for the survival of bacteria under stress conditions
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MINI-REVIEW
The impact of cell structure, metabolism and group behavior for the survival of bacteria under stress conditions Xinyi Zhang1 · Zhendong Li1 · Shengmei Pang1 · Boyu Jiang1 · Yang Yang1 · Qiangde Duan1 · Guoqiang Zhu1 Received: 16 May 2020 / Revised: 28 August 2020 / Accepted: 15 September 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Microbes from diverse types of habitats are continuously exposed to external challenges, which may include acidic, alkaline, and toxic metabolites stress as well as nutrient deficiencies. To promote their own survival, bacteria have to rapidly adapt to external perturbations by inducing particular stress responses that typically involve genetic and/or cellular changes. In addition, pathogenic bacteria need to sense and withstand these environmental stresses within a host to establish and maintain infection. These responses can be, in principle, induced by changes in bacterial cell structure, metabolism and group behavior. Bacterial nucleic acids may serve as the core part of the stress response, and the cell envelope and ribosomes protect genetic structures from damage. Cellular metabolism and group behavior, such as quorum sensing system, can play a more important role in resisting stress than we have now found. Since bacteria survival can be only appreciated if we better understand the mechanisms behind bacterial stress response, here we review how morphological and physiological features may lead to bacterial resistance upon exposure to particular stress-inducing factors. Keywords Stress response · Cell envelope · Metabolism pathways · Quorum sensing Abbreviations GSR General stress response QS Quorum sensing system AIs Autoinducers OM Outer membrane IM Inner membrane PG Peptidoglycan LPS Lipopolysaccharides ESRs Envelope stress responses RMF Ribosome modulation factor HPF Hibernating-promoting factor Dps DNA-binding proteins Communicated by Erko stackebrandt. Xinyi Zhang and Zhendong Li contributed equally to this work. * Qiangde Duan [email protected] * Guoqiang Zhu [email protected] 1
Jiangsu Co‑Innovation Center for Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri‑Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
IDH Isocitrate dehydrogenase SCS Succinyl-CoA synthetase ASCT Acetate:succinate CoA-transferase SCFAs Short-chain fatty acids polyP Polyphosphate GABA γ-Aminobutyric acid AHLs Acyl homoserine lactones PQS P. aeruginosa AIs eDNA Extracellular DNA Psp Phage shock protein Rcs The regulator of capsule synthesis
Introduction The term ‘‘stress’’ is an all-inclusive term, which basically refers to any perturbation that arises in steady-state conditions. Bacteria are considered to be exposed to stress when their environment provides suboptimal conditions, thereby affecting their own survival. Potential stress-inducing factors are frequently present in both in vitro and in vi
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