The Impact of Different Techniques of Soil Management on Soil Fertility and the Associated Bacterial Communities in Semi
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ORIGINAL PAPER
The Impact of Different Techniques of Soil Management on Soil Fertility and the Associated Bacterial Communities in Semi-arid Olive Tree Fields Haifa Rajhi 1,2,3 Patricia Rojas 4
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& José Luis Sanz & Mounir Abichou & Ana Morato & Rania Jradi & Raida Zaouari & Habib Bousnina &
Received: 6 July 2020 / Accepted: 12 November 2020 # Sociedad Chilena de la Ciencia del Suelo 2020
Abstract A remarkable decrease in olive production has been observed in Tunisia since 2000, particularly in the semi-arid region. This downfall was mainly due to a notable change in climatic conditions as a result of wind erosion and over cultivation. The aim of this work was to study the biological, physical, and chemical properties of several semi-arid soils from olive tree fields subjected to different farming practices, such as crop time and type of crop, olive mill wastewater (OMW) application rates, and tillage timing and depth (deep or conventional plowing). We noted that hydraulic conductivity (HC) was proportional to the age of the soil tillage, and the highest values were recorded in the soil cultivated for 100 years, with an average value of 33.05 ± 0.02 mm h−1. An important increment of the iron soil content was observed, especially after the fig tree introduction among the olive trees (12,094 ng μL−1) in 2007. Also, a significant increase of the organic matter (OM) content (up to2.6 mg-OM/g-soil) was identified in soil treated with OMW compared to the lowest OM content (0.83 mg-OM/g-soil) recorded in the soil cultivated since 1901. The bacterial communities of the different soils were characterized by 454 pyrosequencing technology, and showed an important diversity, mainly corresponding to Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Acidobacteria. Many operational taxonomic units (OTUs) are raretons, indicating a high resilience of the soil bacterial communities. Statistical analyses showed significant correlations with the different soil parameters. However, an unexpected correlation was determined between soil respiration and OM (r = − 0.583*), suggesting that OM increases the retention of CO2, a greenhouse gas. The farming techniques analyzed in this study resulted in a reduction of the bacterial diversity, even though the total bacterial biomass augmented. Keywords Olive tree . Olive mill wastewater . Farming soil management . Semi-arid crop culture . 454 pyrosequencing
1 Introduction
* Haifa Rajhi [email protected] 1
Institue of Olive Trees, Zarzis, Tunisia
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Department of Agronomy and Crop Biotechnology, National Agronomic Institute of Tunisia, Tunis, Tunisia
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Research Laboratory «Integrated Olive Protection in the humid, sub-humid and semi-arid regions of Tunisia», POI-LR16IO03 Tunis Olive Institute, Avenue Hédi Karray 1002, BP 208, 2080 Ariana, Tunisia
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Department of Molecular Biology, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Research unit « Energy & Environment » (UR/11/ES/81), National Engineering School of Gabes, Gabes, Tunisia
Microbial communities play an important
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