The Impact of Physical Activity on Food Reward: Review and Conceptual Synthesis of Evidence from Observational, Acute, a
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PSYCHOLOGICAL ISSUES (V DRAPEAU AND V IVEZAJ, SECTION EDITORS)
The Impact of Physical Activity on Food Reward: Review and Conceptual Synthesis of Evidence from Observational, Acute, and Chronic Exercise Training Studies Kristine Beaulieu 1 & Pauline Oustric 1 & Graham Finlayson 1
# The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Purpose of Review This review brings together current evidence from observational, acute, and chronic exercise training studies to inform public debate on the impact of physical activity and exercise on food reward. Recent Findings Low levels of physical activity are associated with higher liking and wanting for high-energy food. Acute bouts of exercise tend to reduce behavioral indices of reward for high-energy food in inactive individuals. A dissociation in liking (increase) and wanting (decrease) may occur during chronic exercise training associated with loss of body fat. Habitual moderateto-vigorous physical activity is associated with lower liking and wanting for high-fat food, and higher liking for low-fat food. Summary Food reward does not counteract the benefit of increasing physical activity levels for obesity management. Exercise training appears to be accompanied by positive changes in food preferences in line with an overall improvement in appetite control. Keywords Physical activity . Exercise . Food reward . Appetite . Liking and wanting . Obesity management
Introduction Among the reasons that people with obesity cite for avoiding exercise is a lack of enjoyment and perceived failure to lose weight [1, 2]. Moreover, there is a misconception that persists among some individuals that exercise is counter-productive for weight management. This common assertion is reinforced by occasional reports in the media about exercise and food reward [3, 4]. Biological explanations, reliant on soft evidence, have been put forward suggesting that glycogen depletion, reduced blood glucose levels, endorphin release or other signals generated during exercise can increase appetite or cause specific cravings for foods. Alternatively, psychological accounts propose that high fat or sugary foods are sought out post-exercise to counteract negative affect or reward virtuous behavior. Research over the past 10 years has shown that This article is part of the Topical Collection on Psychological Issues * Graham Finlayson [email protected] 1
Appetite Control & Energy Balance Research Group, School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine & Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
physical activity and eating behavior are loosely coupled, but the physiological and neurocognitive mechanisms that contribute to this relationship are complex [5]. Moreover, the evidence for the impact of physical activity on food reward is difficult to assess due to the absence of randomized controlled trials and differences between study designs—encompassing observational, acute, and chronic interventions. Differences also exist in the modality and intensity of physical activity examined and the variety of methodologies used
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