The Importance of Trunk Muscle Strength for Balance, Functional Performance, and Fall Prevention in Seniors: A Systemati
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SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
The Importance of Trunk Muscle Strength for Balance, Functional Performance, and Fall Prevention in Seniors: A Systematic Review Urs Granacher • Albert Gollhofer • Tibor Hortoba´gyi Reto W. Kressig • Thomas Muehlbauer
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Published online: 9 April 2013 Ó Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2013
Abstract Background The aging process results in a number of functional (e.g., deficits in balance and strength/power performance), neural (e.g., loss of sensory/motor neurons), muscular (e.g., atrophy of type-II muscle fibers in particular), and bone-related (e.g., osteoporosis) deteriorations. Traditionally, balance and/or lower extremity resistance training were used to mitigate these age-related deficits. However, the effects of resistance training are limited and poorly translate into improvements in balance, functional tasks, activities of daily living, and fall rates. Thus, it is necessary to develop and design new intervention programs that are specifically tailored to counteract age-related weaknesses. Recent studies indicate that measures of trunk muscle strength (TMS) are associated with variables of static/dynamic balance, functional performance, and falls (i.e., occurrence, fear, rate, and/or risk of falls). Further, there is preliminary evidence in the literature that core strength training (CST) and Pilates exercise training (PET)
U. Granacher (&) T. Muehlbauer Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Cluster of Excellency in Cognition Sciences, University of Potsdam, Am Neuen Palais 10, Haus 12, 14469 Potsdam, Germany e-mail: [email protected] A. Gollhofer Institute of Sport and Sport Science, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany T. Hortoba´gyi Centre for Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands R. W. Kressig Division of Acute Geriatrics, Basel University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
have a positive influence on measures of strength, balance, functional performance, and falls in older adults. Objective The objectives of this systematic literature review are: (a) to report potential associations between TMS/trunk muscle composition and balance, functional performance, and falls in old adults, and (b) to describe and discuss the effects of CST/PET on measures of TMS, balance, functional performance, and falls in seniors. Data Sources A systematic approach was employed to capture all articles related to TMS/trunk muscle composition, balance, functional performance, and falls in seniors that were identified using the electronic databases PubMed and Web of Science (1972 to February 2013). Study Selection A systematic approach was used to evaluate the 582 articles identified for initial review. Crosssectional (i.e., relationship) or longitudinal (i.e., intervention) studies were included if they investigated TMS and an outcome-related measure of balance, functional performance, and/or falls. In total, 20 studies met the inclusionary criteria for review. Study Appraisal and Synthesis Methods Longitudinal s
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