The influence of association of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria and zero-valent iron nanoparticles on removal of an
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
The influence of association of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria and zero-valent iron nanoparticles on removal of antimony from soil by Trifolium repens Ali Daryabeigi Zand 1 & Alireza Mikaeili Tabrizi 2 & Azar Vaezi Heir 3 Received: 15 May 2020 / Accepted: 21 July 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Using association of plants, nanomaterials, and plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPR) is a novel approach in remediation of heavy metal-contaminated soils. Co-application of nanoscale zerovalent iron (nZVI) and PGPR to promote phytoremediation of Sb-contaminated soil was investigated in this study. Seedlings of Trifolium repens were exposed to different regimes of nZVI (0, 150, 300, 500, and 1000 mg/kg) and the PGPR, separately and in combination, to investigate the effects on plant growth, Sb uptake, and accumulation and physiological response of the plant in contaminated soil. Co-application of nZVI and PGPR had positive effects on plant establishment and growth in contaminated soil. Greater accumulation of Sb in the shoots compared to the roots of T. repens was observed in all treatments. Using nZVI significantly increased accumulation capacity of T. repens for Sb with the greatest accumulation capacity of 3896.4 μg per pot gained in the “PGPR+500 mg/kg nZVI” treatment. Adverse impacts of using 1000 mg/kg nZVI were found on plant growth and phytoremediation performance. Significant beneficial effect of integrated use of nZVI and PGPR on plant photosynthesis was detected. Co-application of nZVI and PGPR could reduce the required amounts of nZVI for successful phytoremediation of metalloid polluted soils. Intelligent uses of plants in accompany with nanomaterials and PGPR have great application prospects in removal of antimony from soil. Keywords Soil pollution . nZVI . PGPR . T. repens . Phytoremediation . Antimony
Introduction Antimony (Sb) is a lustrous gray metalloid that belongs to the group 15 of the periodic table, which may occur through naturally and anthropogenic sources. Sb is often referred to as a heavy metal in eco-toxicological assessments, but it has mixed metallic and nonmetallic characteristics; therefore, it could be more properly described as a metalloid. The abundance of Sb Responsible Editor: Kitae Baek * Ali Daryabeigi Zand [email protected] 1
School of Environment, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, No. 25, Azin St, Tehran 141556135, Iran
2
Department of Environmental Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences & Natural Resources, Shahid Beheshti St, Golestan 4913815739, Iran
3
School of Environment, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, No. 25, Azin St., Tehran 141556135, Iran
in the earth’s crust is around 0.2–0.3, and concentrations of Sb in non-contaminated soils usually range from 0.3 to 8.4 mg/kg (He 2007), but human activities have led to elevated levels of Sb in soils at many locations in recent years. Antimony has a wide range of applications in industry such as manufacturing of semiconduct
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