The Influence of Surface Microgeometry on Fibroblast Colonization of Synthetic Surfaces
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THE INFLUENCE OF SURFACE MICROGEOMETRY ON FIBROBLAST COLONIZATION OF SYNTHETIC SURFACES
J. L. Ricci, Ph.D. H. Alexander, Ph.D. C. Howard, B.S. Department of Bioengineering Hospital for Joint Diseases Orthopaedic Institute 301 East 17th Street New York, NY 10003 Tissue response to any synthetic implant-whether vascular device, dental implant, orthopaedic device, or any other implant that is in contact with soft connective tissue or mineralized tissue-has been found to correlate with the composition, surface chemistry, and surface microgeometry of the implant material. Although in vitro and in vivo experiments have demonstrated the role of surface microgeometry in tissue-implant surface interaction, no well-defined relationship has been established. The general relationship indicates that smooth surfaces promote formation of thick, fibrous-tissue encapsulation and that rough surfaces promote thinner, soft-tissue encapsulation and more intimate bone integration [1-7]. Smooth and porous titanium surfaces have also been shown to have different effects on the orientation of fibrous-tissue cells in vitro [8,9]. Surface roughness has been shown to be a factor in tissue integration into implants with hydroxyapatite surfaces [6,10] and to alter cell attachment and growth on polymer surfaces roughened by hydrolytic etching [I I]. Grooved and machined metal [8] and polymer [12] surfaces have been shown to cause cell and ECM orientation in vivo and can be used to encourage or impede epithelial downgrowth in experimental dental implants [8]. In vitro studies conducted in this laboratory [13] and by others [14] on a variety of synthetic fibers indicate that the diameter and surface configuration of synthetic fibers greatly influence in vitro attachment and orientation of fibroblasts. These findings are consistent with the results of other investigations involving cellular contact guidance on a variety of surfaces, including grooved titanium [15], grooved polymer surfaces [121, and collagen matrix materials of different textures and orientations [16-18]. It has also been demonstrated that rat tendon fibroblast (RTF) cell growth kinetics on synthetic fiber materials are fundamentally different from those on culture plate surfaces [19,20]. Machined surfaces have also been shown to alter bone cell extracellular matrix protein synthesis [21]. Inasmuch as connective tissue cell behavior is related to the properties of the tissue produced by these cells, control of cell orientation and growth by synthetic substrates is significant for in vivo applications. We have developed a model for the study of cell interaction with surface microgeometry in which cells are fixed to a synthetic surface in a collagen matrix to form a "dot" culture, which grows to form a reproducible radiating colony. This results in formation of measurable colonies on experimental surfaces. This study describes the influence of different striated surfaces on the formation of rat tendon fibroblast (RTF) cell colonies. Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. Vol. 252. c 1992 Materi
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