The influence of the addition of tungsten trioxide nanoparticle size on structure, thermal, and electroactivity properti
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REVIEW ARTICLE
The influence of the addition of tungsten trioxide nanoparticle size on structure, thermal, and electroactivity properties of hybrid material–reinforced PANI M. S. Belardja 1 & H. Djelad 1 & M. Lafjah 2 & F. Chouli 3 & Abdelghani Benyoucef 1 Received: 4 May 2020 / Revised: 22 July 2020 / Accepted: 3 August 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Nanomaterials are synthetized by aniline with different contents of WO3 nanoparticles using a chemical oxidative polymerization method. FTIR, ultraviolet–visible, XPS, SEM, and XRD confirmed the successful synthesis of the three PANI@WO3 samples. Thermogravimetric analysis shows an improved thermal stability by the presence of WO3 in nanocomposites compared with PANI. Interestingly, the analysis of the band gap shows lowest value of optical band gap of 1.88 eV for PANI@WO3 (0.5) compared with PANI@WO3 (1.0) and PANI@WO3 (1.5) with 1.91 eV and 1.98 eV, respectively. In addition, the electroactivity properties were investigated by cyclic voltammetry to explore the benefits of these types of hybrid materials in electrochemical applications. Keywords Polyaniline . Tungsten trioxide . Hybrid materials . Optical properties . Electrochemical test
Introduction Hybrid materials based on conductive polymers and metal oxides have attracted great interest in several areas of research for the development of nanomaterials because of their possible application in the development of multifunctional materials [1–3]. Moreover, they possess the advantages of hybrid composites and may exhibit advanced properties via the modification and changeover of each other [4, 5]. The concept of hybridization phenomenon of nanocomposite to forming a new materials (their advantages not only the aggregate of their unique contributions) is a famous, well-known technology [6]. Metal oxides that are a subject of attention because of their electronic, conductive, thermal stability, optical, and magnetic
* Abdelghani Benyoucef [email protected]; [email protected] 1
L.S.T.E Laboratory, University of Mustapha Stambouli Mascara, Mascara, Algeria
2
Laboratoire de chimie des matériaux, Faculté des Sciences Exactes et Appliquées, Université Oran 1 Ahmed Ben Bella, Oran, Algeria
3
Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, Université de Mustapha Stambouli Mascara, Mascara, Algeria
properties adapted for a diversity of applications, such as SiO2, TiO2, Al2O3, V2O5, ZnO, SiC, ZrO2, MnO2, NiO, and Fe3O4 have been extensively investigated as the electrode materials for semiconductives [7–17]. Among various nanoparticles, WO3 is mostly studied among the many nanoparticles owing to its several advantage availability: strong adherence to substrate, good chemical stability, and good chemical stability [18–20]. WO 3 has been successfully applied in electrocatalysis, photoanodes for solar energy, p h o t o e l e c t r o c a t al y t i c r e a c t o r s , g a s s e n s o r s , a n d electrochromic devices. However, the wide band gap (2.5– 2.8 eV) and low-energy condu
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