The interconnectedness between efforts to reduce the risk related to accidents and attacks - naval examples
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The interconnectedness between efforts to reduce the risk related to accidents and attacks naval examples Hans Liwång 1,2 Received: 22 July 2020 / Accepted: 9 August 2020/ # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Fatalities on board military vessels are the result of different types of incidents, including both accidents and antagonistic attacks. The aim of this study is to identify aspects that determine the safety and operability of military vessels from a sociotechnical perspective. Safety is studied in relation to four different types of operations: the Falklands War in 1982, antagonistic attacks in situations other than war from 2000 to 2012, submarine incidents from 2000 to 2015, and severe accidents involving military vessels in Norway and Sweden from 1990 to 2015. For the incidents analyzed, the study identifies qualitative aspects that contributed to the outcome and consequences of the incident and, if possible, the risk level. The importance of organizational and management safety issues, personnel safety issues and design safety issues are analyzed. The study shows that different operational types have different risk levels but, to some extent, the same types of safety issues. In general, risk is high when the ship is not prepared and managed for war; the recoverability, i.e., the ability to limit consequences, is an important safety factor in all of the operational types studied. The probability of an incident occurring is governed by management decisions, and the recoverability is governed by the capacity for effective crew actions despite limited management. The presence of external threats leads to a need for extra levels of system understanding, for management and for personnel. Keywords Naval ship . Safety . Survivability . Security . Risk level . Accident . Attack .
Sociotechnical systems
* Hans Liwång [email protected]
1
Department of Military Studies, Swedish Defence University, Stockholm, Sweden
2
Centre for Naval Architecture, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
Liwång H.
Introduction The protection from accidents and attacks is often regarded as separate concepts (G. Bakx and Nyce 2016). However, the links between attacks and accidents could possibly reveal important mechanisms related to safety and security. Severe consequences on board military vessels have historically been the result of several different types of incidents, including both accidents and antagonistic attacks, during peacetime and during war. Accidents and attacks not only lead to fatalities but also directly and indirectly affect operations. Therefore, it is important to work structurally with all these challenges to identify effective measures that increase safety and survivability. Lives, effectiveness and freedom of action should be protected, and safety in this study includes consequences resulting from accidents and antagonistic attacks. The aim is to support a long-living organization that can achieve its goals. Therefore, a suitable definition for safet
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