The International Regulatory Framework
The International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) is an international treaty that came into existence during 1952, superseding all previous international plant protection agreements. The IPPC is intended to secure common and effective action to prevent
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The International Regulatory Framework Lottie Erikson and Robert Griffin
Abbreviations and Definitions APPPC CA CBD CEPM COSAVE CPM CPPC EPPO FAO IAPSC IPPC ISPM NAPPO NPPO OIE OIRSA PFA
Asia and Pacific Plant Protection Commission Comunidad Andina Convention on Biological Diversity Committee of Experts on Phytosanitary Measures Comite Regional de Sanidad Vegetal Para el Cono Sur Commission on Phytosanitary Measures Caribbean Plant Protection Commission European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organisation Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations Inter-African Phytosanitary Council International Plant Protection Convention International Standard for Phytosanitary Measures North American Plant Protection Organization National Plant Protection Organisation Office International des E´pizooties – the World Animal Health Organisation Organismo Internacional Regional de Sanidad Agropecuaria Pest Free Area – an area in which a specific pest does not occur and in which this condition is officially maintained
L. Erikson (*) • R. Griffin Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory, Center for Plant Health Science and Technology, USDA-APHIS Plant Protection and Quarantine, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA e-mail: [email protected] G. Gordh and S. McKirdy (eds.), The Handbook of Plant Biosecurity, DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-7365-3_2, © Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht (outside the USA) 2014
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PPPO PRA
RPPO SPS TCP WTO
2.1
L. Erikson and R. Griffin
Pacific Plant Protection Organisation Pest Risk Analysis – the process of evaluating scientific and economic evidence to determine whether a pest should be regulated and the strength of any phytosanitary measures to be taken against it Regional Plant Protection Organisation Sanitary and Phytosanitary (as in WTO-SPS Committee) Technical Cooperation Programme World Trade Organisation
International Plant Protection Agreements
Pests and diseases have plagued agriculture since its beginning, but concerted legal action by governments to prevent or slow the introduction of pests and diseases is a relatively recent development (See Sect. 3.1). During the late nineteenth century, following several economically disastrous pest introductions in Europe, the need for voluntary coordination and cooperation by governments to restrict the movement of plant pests became apparent, especially in cases where geo-political boundaries and pest host ranges were inconsistent. Some notable events include Late Blight (Phytopthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary) of potatoes (1845), Phylloxera of grape-wine (1861), Downy Mildew (Plasmopara viticola (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Berl. & De Toni,) of grape-wine (1875), and Black Rot (Guignardia bidwellii (Ellis) Viala & Ravaz, (1892)) of grapes (1888), (Berg 1991). The earliest international plant health agreement focused on a specific pest. The International Convention on Measures to be taken against Phylloxera vastatrix [currently Daktulosphaira vitifoliae (Fitch) [Hemiptera: Phylloxeridae]] was established in 1878 by Austria,
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