The Journey of Human Drugs from Their Design at the Bench to Their Fate in Crops
The topic of this book is dedicated to the analysis, fate, metabolism, effects, and remediation of pharmaceutically active compounds in water-soil-biota systems. While the majority of readers are likely to already have a broad understanding of potential e
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Contents 1 Introduction 2 Drug Discovery and Development 3 Physico-chemical Space of Small-Molecule Drugs 4 Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion (ADME) 5 Environmental Regulatory Perspective in the European Union 6 Presence of Pharmaceuticals in Wastewater 7 Pharmaceuticals in Crops Irrigated with Treated Wastewater 8 Uptake, Distribution, and Metabolism of PhACs in Crops 9 Presence of Drugs in Earthworms 10 Drugs in Constructed Wetlands 11 Analysis of Drugs and Their Metabolites References
Abstract The topic of this book is dedicated to the analysis, fate, metabolism, effects, and remediation of pharmaceutically active compounds in water-soil-biota systems. While the majority of readers are likely to already have a broad understanding of potential entry points, flows, transformation pathways, and temporary and permanent sinks of drugs in the environment, the objectives of this first chapter are fourfold: (a) to provide a concise overview of the journey a drug takes from its inception at the laboratory bench to the desk of the reviewer at the regulatory agency; (b) to understand the biological and physiological processes a drug undergoes from administration to humans – or to the animal in case of veterinary medicines – to their excretion and ultimately discharge into wastes; (c) to describe the physico-chemical space small-molecule drugs reside in as this characteristic largely governs their later environmental fate; (d) to review their presence, fate, and metabolism in crops and N. Montemurro (*), J. M. Peña-Herrera, A. Ginebreda, P. Eichhorn, and S. Pérez ENFOCHEM, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Barcelona, Spain e-mail: [email protected] Sandra Pérez Solsona, Nicola Montemurro, Serge Chiron, and Damià Barceló (eds.), Interaction and Fate of Pharmaceuticals in Soil-Crop Systems: The Impact of Reclaimed Wastewater, Hdb Env Chem, DOI 10.1007/698_2020_643, © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
N. Montemurro et al.
plants determined using innovative analytical methods; as well as (e) to evaluate the effects and remediation of drugs in crops and biota. Keywords ADME, Analytical methods, Crops, Distribution, Drug development, Drug discovery, Earthworms, Fate, Humans, Metabolism, Soil, Wetlands
1 Introduction According to the definition of the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), an active ingredient is “any component that provides pharmacological activity or other direct effect in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease, or to affect the structure or any function of the body of man or animals.”1 Within the realm of the pharmaceutical industry and the regulatory agencies, the terms “active ingredient,” “pharmaceutically active substance,” and “drug” are used interchangeably with the latter term commonly preferred for the sake of simplicity. Here, for the remainder of this introductory chapter, the term drug is used, although many publications in the field of environmental sciences tend to differentiate between
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