The journey of multifunctional bone scaffolds fabricated from traditional toward modern techniques
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REVIEW
The journey of multifunctional bone scaffolds fabricated from traditional toward modern techniques Ashkan Bigham1 · Firoozeh Foroughi2 · Erfan Rezvani Ghomi3 · Mohammad Rafienia4 · Rasoul Esmaeely Neisiany5 · Seeram Ramakrishna3 Received: 9 July 2020 / Accepted: 4 August 2020 © Zhejiang University Press 2020
Abstract As a bone scaffold, meeting all basic requirements besides dealing with other bone-related issues—bone cancer and accelerated regeneration—is not expected from traditional scaffolds, but a newer class of scaffolds called multifunctional. From a clinical point of view, being a multifunctional scaffold means reducing in healing time, direct costs—medicine, surgery, and hospitalization—and indirect costs—loss of mobility, losing job, and pain. The main aim of the present review is following the multifunctional bone scaffolds trend to deal with both bone regeneration and cancer therapy. Special consideration is given to different fabrication techniques which have been applied to yield these materials spanning from traditional to modern ones. Moreover, the hierarchical structure of bone plus bone cancers and available medicines to them are introduced to familiarize the potential reader of review with the pluri-disciplinary essence of the field. Eventually, a brief discussion relating to the future trend of these materials is provided. Keywords Multifunctional scaffolds · Bone cancer · Fabrication techniques · Bone tissue regeneration
Introduction Bone is perceived as a responsive tissue to its surrounding medium with a complex structure; it is in charge of many important functions throughout the human body—structural * Mohammad Rafienia [email protected] * Seeram Ramakrishna [email protected] 1
Department of Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering and Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine (ATiM), Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
2
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117576, Singapore
3
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Center for Nanofibers and Nanotechnology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119260, Singapore
4
Biosensor Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
5
Department of Materials and Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hakim Sabzevari University, 9617976487 Sabzevar, Iran
support of internal organs, locomotion, and producing blood cells [1]. Bone is composed of an inorganic phase called hydroxyapatite (~ 70%) and the rest attributes to proteins mainly collagen (type I) [2]. Bearing in mind, although aging is to blame for increasing the rate of musculoskeletal diseases, high active routines of youth cause the risk of musculoskeletal-related injuries to soar [3]. Taking a glance at statistics is enough to realize that the total costs including both direct and indirect ones are astronomical [4]. Among different types of musculoskeletal-related issues, the majority of recor
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