The Legume Nodule Microbiome: A Source of Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria
Legume nodules harbour two types of bacteria, the rhizobia, responsible for their formation, and other endophytic bacteria whose role in the nodule is still poorly known. These bacteria constitute the nodule microbiome from which the rhizobia have been wi
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The Legume Nodule Microbiome: A Source of Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria Encarna Velázquez, Lorena Carro, José David Flores-Félix, Pilar Martínez-Hidalgo, Esther Menéndez, Martha-Helena Ramírez-Bahena, Rebeca Mulas, Fernando González-Andrés, Eustoquio Martínez-Molina, and Alvaro Peix
Abstract
Legume nodules harbour two types of bacteria, the rhizobia, responsible for their formation, and other endophytic bacteria whose role in the nodule is still poorly known. These bacteria constitute the nodule microbiome from which the rhizobia have been widely studied for decades, whereas the nodule endophytes have been started to be studied in the last years. These studies showed a more complex
E. Velázquez (*) • E. Martínez-Molina Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain Unidad Asociada Universidad de Salamanca- CSIC ‘Interacción Planta-Microorganismo’, Salamanca, Spain e-mail: [email protected] L. Carro School of Biology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK J.D. Flores-Félix • E. Menéndez • M.-H. Ramírez-Bahena Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Salamanca, Spain P. Martínez-Hidalgo Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA R. Mulas • F. González-Andrés Instituto de Medio Ambiente, Recursos Naturales y Biodiversidad, Universidad de León, León, Spain A. Peix Unidad Asociada Universidad de Salamanca- CSIC ‘Interacción Planta-Microorganismo’, Salamanca, Spain IRNASA-CSIC, Salamanca, Spain © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2017 V. Kumar et al. (eds.), Probiotics and Plant Health, DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-3473-2_3
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bacterial composition than previously thought, including bacteria from very different phylogenetic groups. Unlike other plant microbiomes, which have been widely studied by metagenomic techniques, the nodule microbiomes have been basically studied by culture-dependent methods because the main objective of the legume nodule studies is the selection of plant growth-promoting bacteria to be used in agronomic practices in a sustainable agriculture context. In this chapter we revise the groups of bacteria found to date in legume nodules that present in vitro mechanisms of plant growth promotion, with special emphasis in those that are able to promote the plant growth in plant assays.
3.1
Introduction: The Legume Nodule Microbiome
Legumes constitute a large group of plants included in a wide family named Fabaceae or Leguminosae, which contains three subfamilies Faboideae (or Papilionoideae), Mimosoideae and Caesalpinioideae. The legumes have been used as foods since ancient times, and the benefits of including legumes in the human diet are due to their rich content in proteins, some of them of high nutritional quality (Tharanathan and Mahadevamma 2003; Williams et al. 2008; Rebello et al. 2014), and also to their content in bioactive compounds (Silva et al. 2016). After cereals, legumes constitute the second most important food for humans, and, combined, they may contai
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