The metabolism and swimming performance of sheepshead minnows ( Cyprinodon variegatus ) following thermal acclimation or
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ORIGINAL PAPER
The metabolism and swimming performance of sheepshead minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus) following thermal acclimation or acute thermal exposure Amanda Reynolds Kirby1 · Dane A. Crossley II1 · Edward M. Mager2 Received: 20 December 2019 / Revised: 13 June 2020 / Accepted: 21 June 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Ectothermic animals are especially susceptible to temperature change, considering that their metabolism and core temperature are linked to the environmental temperature. As global water temperatures continue to increase, so does the need to understand the capacity of organisms to tolerate change. Sheepshead minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus) are the most eurythermic fish species known to date and can tolerate a wide range of environmental temperatures from − 1.9 to 43.0 °C. But little is known about the physiological adjustments that occur when these fish are subjected to acute thermal challenges and longterm thermal acclimation. Minnows were acclimated to 10, 21, or 32 °C for 4 weeks or acutely exposed to 10 and 32 °C and then assessed for swimming performance [maximum sustained swimming velocity (U crit), optimum swimming velocity (Uopt)] and metabolic endpoints (extrapolated standard and maximum metabolic rate [SMR, MMR), absolute aerobic scope (AS), and cost of transport (COT)]. Our findings show that the duration of thermal exposure (acute vs. acclimation) did not influence swimming performance. Rather, swimming performance was influenced by the exposure temperature. Swimming performance was statistically similar in fish exposed to 21 or 32 °C (approximately 7.0 BL s−1), but was drastically reduced in fish exposed to 10 °C (approximately 2.0 BL s −1), resulting in a left-skewed performance curve. There was no difference in metabolic end points between fish acutely exposed or acclimated to 10 °C. However, a different pattern was observed in fish exposed to 32 °C. MMR was similar between acutely exposed or acclimated fish, but acclimated fish had a 50% reduction in extrapolated SMR, which increased AS by 25%. However, this enhanced AS was not associated with changes in swimming performance, which opposes the oxygen-capacity limited thermal tolerance concept. Our findings suggest that sheepshead minnows may utilize two distinct acclimation strategies, resulting in different swimming performance and metabolic patterns observed between 10 and 32 °C exposures. Keywords Temperature · Acclimation · Hematocrit · Oxygen-carrying capacity · Metabolism · Swimming performance
Introduction Communicated by Bernd Pelster. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00360-020-01293-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Dane A. Crossley II [email protected] 1
Developmental and Integrative Biology Division, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
Department of Biological Sciences, Advanced Environmental Research In
