The Neural Mechanisms Underlying Processing Speed Deficits in Individuals Who Have Sustained a Spinal Cord Injury: A Pil
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ORIGINAL PAPER
The Neural Mechanisms Underlying Processing Speed Deficits in Individuals Who Have Sustained a Spinal Cord Injury: A Pilot Study Glenn R. Wylie1,2,3 · Nancy D. Chiaravalloti1,2 · Erica Weber1 · Helen M. Genova1,2 · Trevor A. Dyson‑Hudson1,2 · Jill M. Wecht4,5,6 Received: 9 January 2020 / Accepted: 11 September 2020 / Published online: 25 September 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Our objective was to determine differences in brain activation during a processing-speed task in individuals with SCI compared to a group of age-matched healthy controls and to a group of older healthy controls. Ten individuals with cervical SCI (C3–C5), 10 age-matched healthy controls and 10 older healthy controls participated in a cross-sectional study in which performance on neuropsychological tests of processing speed and brain activation were the main outcome measures. The brain areas used by the individuals with SCI during the processing-speed task differed significantly from the age-matched healthy controls, but were similar to the older control cohort, and included activation in frontal, parietal and hippocampal areas. This suggests that individuals with SCI may compensate for processing-speed deficits by relying on brain regions that classically support control cognitive processes such as executive control and memory. Keywords Spinal cord injury · Cognition · Cognitive deficits · Processing speed · fMRI
Introduction
Handling Editor: Christoph M. Michel. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10548-020-00798-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Glenn R. Wylie [email protected] 1
Kessler Foundation, Rocco Ortenzio Neuroimaging Center, 1199 Pleasant Valley Way, West Orange, NJ 07052, USA
2
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rutgers-NJ Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
3
Department of Veterans’ Affairs, War Related Illness & Injury Study Center, East Orange, NJ, USA
4
Department of Veterans’ Affairs, RR&D National Center for the Medical Consequences of SCI, James J. Peters VAMC, Bronx, NY, USA
5
Department of Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
6
Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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There are approximately 291,000 Americans currently living with chronic spinal cord injury (SCI) and every year, approximately 17,000 new injuries are reported in the United States (National Spinal Cord Injury Statistical Center 2019). Because SCI has obvious effects on physical function, requiring many individuals to use assistive devices (e.g., wheelchairs), researchers have traditionally concentrated on recovery of the motor nervous system. However, recently it has been shown that individuals with SCI demonstrate significant cognitive deficits (Chiaravalloti et al. 2020), which may worsen over time (Molina et al. 2018).
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