The nexus between meteorological parameters and COVID-19 pandemic: case of Islamabad, Pakistan
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
The nexus between meteorological parameters and COVID‑19 pandemic: case of Islamabad, Pakistan Abdul Rehman1 · Fatima Ashraf3 · Zeeshan Javed4 · Mudassar Hussain5 · Taimoor Hassan Farooq6 · Awais Shakoor2 · Sher Muhammad Shahzad7 Received: 30 June 2020 / Revised: 14 August 2020 / Accepted: 5 September 2020 © Society for Environmental Sustainability 2020
Abstract The study aimed to investigate the correlation between meteorological parameters and the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic in Islamabad, Pakistan. The meteorological parameters include temperature minimum (°C), temperature maximum (°C), temperature average (°C), humidity minimum (%), humidity maximum (%), humidity average (%), and rainfall (mm). The data of COVID-19, such as the number of new confirmed cases and deaths was obtained from the Ministry of Health, Pakistan. The correlations of various types, i.e., Pearson, Spearman, and Kendall correlations between meteorological parameters and COVID-19, were employed for data analyses. The results exhibited a highly significant relationship between COVID-19 and temperature minimum and temperature average among all meteorological parameters. The study findings may help competitive authorities to combat this disease in Pakistan. Keywords Islamabad · COVID-19 · Meteorological parameters · Correlation analysis
Introduction The COVID-19 is a renowned disease code worldwide for coronavirus disease 2019, which is caused by novel coronavirus also known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). It primarily emerged from Wuhan city of China in late December 2019 and spread all over the world, then was declared as global pandemic Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s42398-020-00125-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Awais Shakoor [email protected] * Sher Muhammad Shahzad [email protected] 1
CAS‑Key Laboratory of Crust‑Mantle Materials and the Environments, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People’s Republic of China
2
Department of Environment and Soil Sciences, University of Lleida, Avinguda Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
3
Department of Chemistry, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan
approximately after three months. This pandemic is the third outbreak of coronavirus family in two decades after Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) (Gorbalenya et al. 2020). Now, it’s like a plague of the twenty-first century, which has affected almost all the countries of the world with more than eight million confirmed cases and 0.44 million deaths as of June 15, 2020 (WHO 2020a). The rapid spread of this contagious disease includes pneumonia-like symptomatic or asymptomatic manifestations (80% infections) (WHO 2020b). The incubation period of this novel coronavirus is 4
School of Environmental Science and Engineering,
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