The Non-Invasive Monitoring of Blood Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Levels
The special ability of hemoglobin (Hb) to imbibe O2 from the pulmonary capillaries and release it to the tissues derives from its unique quartenary structure.
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The Non-Invasive Monitoring of Blood Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Levels
Contents 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6
2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16 2.17 2.18 2.19 2.20 2.21 2.22 2.23 2.24 2.25 2.26 2.27 2.28 2.29 2.30
The Structure and Function of Haemoglobin .................................................................. Co-operativity ................................................................................................................. The Bohr Effect and the Haldane Effect ......................................................................... Oxygenated and Non-oxygenated Hemoglobin .............................................................. PaO2 and the Oxy-hemoglobin Dissociation Curve ........................................................ Monitoring of Blood Gases ............................................................................................. 2.6.1 Invasive O2 Monitoring ..................................................................................... 2.6.2 The Non-invasive Monitoring of Blood Gases ................................................. Principles of Pulse Oximetry .......................................................................................... Spectrophotometry .......................................................................................................... Optical Plethysmography ................................................................................................ Types of Pulse Oximeters................................................................................................ Pulse Oximetry and PaO2 ................................................................................................ P50 .................................................................................................................................... Shifts in the Oxy-hemoglobin Dissociation Curve ......................................................... Oxygen Saturation (SpO2) in Anemia and Skin Pigmentation ....................................... Oxygen Saturation (SpO2) in Abnormal Forms of Hemoglobin ..................................... Mechanisms of Hypoxemia in Methemoglobinemia ...................................................... Methemoglobinemias: Classification .............................................................................. Sulfhemoglobinemia ....................................................................................................... Carbon Monoxide (CO) Poisoning ................................................................................. Saturation Gap................................................................................................................. Sources of Error While Measuring SpO2 ........................................................................ Point of Care (POC) Cartridges ...................................................................................... Capnography and Capnometry...........................................................................
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