The Ontogenesis of Mammalian Sleep: Form and Function
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SLEEP AND DEVELOPMENT (L TAROKH, SECTION EDITOR)
The Ontogenesis of Mammalian Sleep: Form and Function Marcos G. Frank 1 Accepted: 27 October 2020 / Published online: 13 November 2020 # Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract Purpose of Review To present an up-to-date review and synthesis of findings about perinatal sleep development and function. I discuss landmark events in sleep ontogenesis, evidence that sleep promotes brain development and plasticity, and experimental considerations in this topic. Recent Findings Mammalian sleep undergoes dramatic changes in expression and regulation during perinatal development. This includes a progressive decrease in rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep time, corresponding increases in nonREM sleep and wake time, and the appearance of mature sleep regulatory processes (homeostatic and circadian). These developmental events coincide with periods of rapid brain maturation and heightened synaptic plasticity. The latter involve an initial experience-independent phase, when circuit development is guided by spontaneous activity, and later occurring critical periods, when these circuits are shaped by experience. Summary These ontogenetic changes suggest important interactions between sleep and brain development. More specifically, sleep may promote developmental programs of synaptogenesis and synaptic pruning and influence the opening and closing of critical periods of brain plasticity. Keywords Ontogeny . Brain state . Scaling . Maturation . Plasticity . Perinatal . Synaptic homeostasis
Introduction
Ontogenesis of Mammalian Sleep
In all mammalian species including humans, sleep amounts are maximal during periods of rapid brain development [1–3]. There are also dramatic developmental changes in sleep architecture and regulation that coincide with periods of heightened synaptic plasticity. These findings suggest that sleep plays critical roles in the maturation and plasticity of the developing brain. In this review, I discuss landmark events in mammalian sleep ontogenesis and consider the evidence for different theories that relate sleep function to brain development. I focus my discussion on nonhuman mammalian species as comparisons between human and nonhuman sleep ontogenesis have been discussed elsewhere [4].
The ontogenesis of mammalian sleep involves striking changes in sleep architecture, brain activity, and regulation. These events can be broadly divided into three general stages: “dissociation,” “concordance,” and “maturation” [4]. The dissociation stage of sleep ontogeny is characterized by the absence of clear polysomnographic (e.g., electroencephalographicEEG) features of rapid-eye-movement (REM) and non(N)REM sleep. The concordance stage represents the period when distinct, immature forms of REM and NREM sleep are first detected based on polysomnography. The first two stages of development generally span the in utero and the immediate ex utero periods, although the precise timing of each stage is determined by the degree of altriciality in each species. The general pa
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