The oxidant peroxo method (OPM) as a new alternative for the synthesis of lead-based and bismuth-based oxides
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asasto Kakihana Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan (Received 17 May 2013; accepted 19 September 2013)
The oxidant peroxo method (OPM) exhibits several advantage and unique characteristics not found in the traditional methods for the synthesis of lead- and bismuth-based oxides. First of all, it is a clean method based on hydrogen peroxide that matches perfectly with the green chemistry approach. Second, the oxidizing local atmosphere provided by the precursor during its crystallization is unique among all the wet chemical techniques of synthesis, which usually result in reducing environment. Besides these advantages, only a few studies have focused on the use of the OPM to obtain better materials, which makes this field of study an excellent opportunity for the development of materials with higher purity and controlled morphologies. I. INTRODUCTION
The development of human society has been sustained by the intensive use of artificial materials, which resulted in a huge consumption of energy and natural resources. In this context, the continuous search for faster and efficient methods of synthesis, combining concepts of green chemistry to obtain better products, led to the development of new synthetic routes and new precursors for the synthesis of advanced materials.1–5 Traditionally, researchers are looking for new materials or new properties. However, there are still reasons for the development of new precursors with additional advantages for the synthesis of old and well-studied materials. The search for a completely new compound, property or application, is time consuming and sometimes, it is necessary to take in account some indispensable serendipity.6 However, all synthetic materials exhibit something that can be called as “processing memory,” defined as a set of unique characteristics that results from the processing choices. For this reason, the precursor selected is strategic to obtain the desired final characteristics, e.g., a metastable phase, a well-tuned property, or a specific morphological shape. All these properties can be obtained, or even improved, by a correct set-up in the synthesis conditions, which often include a unique starting compound, an appropriate intermediate phase, or the entire design of a complex alternative route of synthesis.
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Address all correspondence to this author. e-mail: [email protected] DOI: 10.1557/jmr.2013.288 J. Mater. Res., Vol. 29, No. 1, Jan 14, 2014
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In the special case of oxides, for thousands of years, the most widely method used for the synthesis of solid materials was the direct reaction of oxides or carbonates. However, because the final properties of compounds obtained by this route depend crucially upon composition, homogeneity, and microstrutucture of the starting precursors, new synthetic techniques were designed to act at the molecular or atomic level.3–5 These new synthetic techniques that usually start from a solution
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