The physiology of regulated BDNF release
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REVIEW
The physiology of regulated BDNF release Tanja Brigadski 1
&
Volkmar Leßmann 2,3
Received: 14 April 2020 / Accepted: 2 July 2020 # The Author(s) 2020
Abstract The neurotrophic factor BDNF is an important regulator for the development of brain circuits, for synaptic and neuronal network plasticity, as well as for neuroregeneration and neuroprotection. Up- and downregulations of BDNF levels in human blood and tissue are associated with, e.g., neurodegenerative, neurological, or even cardiovascular diseases. The changes in BDNF concentration are caused by altered dynamics in BDNF expression and release. To understand the relevance of major variations of BDNF levels, detailed knowledge regarding physiological and pathophysiological stimuli affecting intra- and extracellular BDNF concentration is important. Most work addressing the molecular and cellular regulation of BDNF expression and release have been performed in neuronal preparations. Therefore, this review will summarize the stimuli inducing release of BDNF, as well as molecular mechanisms regulating the efficacy of BDNF release, with a focus on cells originating from the brain. Further, we will discuss the current knowledge about the distinct stimuli eliciting regulated release of BDNF under physiological conditions. Keywords BDNF release . Neurotrophins . Secretion
Introduction BDNF in health and disease The neurotrophic factor BDNF plays an important role for the development of brain circuits, the formation and maintenance of neuronal morphology, brain architecture and for synaptic, as well as neuronal network plasticity (Edelmann et al. 2014; Gottmann et al. 2009; Huang and Reichardt 2001; Klein 1994; Lessmann and Brigadski 2009; Park and Poo 2013). Consequently, BDNF crucially regulates learning and memory processes in young and adult mammals (see, e.g., Boschen and Klintsova 2017; Gomez-Pinilla and Vaynman 2005) such
* Tanja Brigadski [email protected] * Volkmar Leßmann [email protected] 1
Department of Informatics and Microsystem Technology, University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern, D-66482 Zweibrücken, Germany
2
Institute of Physiology, Otto-von-Guericke University, D-39120 Magdeburg, Germany
3
Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany
that imbalances in BDNF levels and downstream signaling via its cognate TrkB tyrosine kinase receptor are associated with neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases, like Alzheimer’s disease, major depressive disorder (Castren and Hen 2013), or schizophrenia (Mohammadi et al. 2018). Moreover, BDNF signaling also contributes to physiological functions of the heart and the vasculature and is involved in disorders like coronary artery disease (Ejiri et al. 2005; Jin et al. 2018; Kaess et al. 2015), diabetes mellitus (Eyileten et al. 2017; Suwa et al. 2006), inflammatory diseases such as asthma (Prakash and Martin 2014), different types of cancer (Chopin et al. 2016; Radin and Patel 2017), as well as pain sensation (Deitos et al. 2015; Haas et al. 2010; Laske et al. 2007; Merigh
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