The Place of Women in Employment: Turkish Case
The development of a country is bound to most effective utilization of production factors, which are labor, natural resources, capital, and entrepreneurship in all countries in the world. Labor force mostly favors men as distribution is concerned. Until t
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The Place of Women in Employment: Turkish Case Fatma Cesur
6.1
Introduction
The most efficient use of production factors is very important, in terms of growth and development the economy of the country. Labor, in the first place of production factors, is in the front row in employment in favor of men in our country as in the world. Women in the world had begun working for a fee along with the industrial revolution. Almost in every country of the world, women, constitute a significant portion of the population; have assets in the labor market in the past, both in our day behind men, remains limited with the status of “secondary labor.” The secondary role of women in the labor market is related to the traditional division of labor highly. That gender-based division of labor, though at different levels in every society basically; such as bearing children and growing, doing household chores, physiological and sociological aspects of women’s basic tasks, while earning money by working in the market has been recognized as the main role of men. The factor that pushes woman into the labor market in Turkey is men’s participation in World War I, 1915. It is seen that during the years of war, women’s participation of labor force has increased. Before 1950, women were working as unpaid family workers in rural areas. Years of the 1950s were urban transformation years. In these years women, left unpaid family labor in rural areas, have migrated to urban areas. That’s why, employment had decreased in agriculture and non-agricultural labor force participation had been in real terms, after 1950 urbanization. Women had entered the industry or the services sector by urban migration, but could not have taken important way to go because of being non-educated. Over time in labor market, women’s position and working forms have changed. How the change is in terms of industry is an important issue. The sectoral F. Cesur (&) Faculty of Economics Administrative Science, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey e-mail: [email protected] © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2018 K. T. Çalıyurt and R. Said (eds.), Sustainability and Social Responsibility of Accountability Reporting Systems, Accounting, Finance, Sustainability, Governance & Fraud: Theory and Application, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3212-7_6
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distribution of employment in a country is an important indicator of its development level. With development, employment increases in the agricultural sector when decreases in non-agricultural sector. This situation is also current for female employment. In developing countries and regions, female workforce in agricultural sector intensifies, when the service sector is the sector in which women have intensive work in developed countries. Accordingly, the well-paid employment women’s labor takes place of the unpaid family labor in developed countries (Tansel 2002: 5). Especially in developing countries, women’s low labor force participation rate attracts attention and importance in the provision of development comes t
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