The Presence of Nature A Study in Phenomenology and Environmental Ph
Are any nonhuman animals conscious? Why, if at all, should we strive to conserve natural environments? In what sense are we parts of nature? Simon James draws on a range of philosophical and literary sources to develop original answers to these and other
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Also by Simon P. James ZEN BUDDHISM AND ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS (2004) BUDDHISM, VIRTUE AND ENVIRONMENT (with David E. Cooper, 2005)
The Presence of Nature A Study in Phenomenology and Environmental Philosophy Simon P. James Durham University, UK
© Simon P. James 2009 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2009 978-0-230-22236-6
All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6-10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted his right to be identified fi as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2009 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries ISBN 978-1-349-30792-0 DOI 10.1057/9780230248526
ISBN 978-0-230-24852-6 (eBook)
This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 09
Contents Acknowledgements
vi
Abbreviations
vii
Introduction
1
1 Our Place in Nature 1.1 Being-in-the-world 1.2 Involvement 1.3 Inherence
16 16 21 30
2 Animal Minds 2.1 Cross-species intersubjectivity 2.2 The problem of animal minds 2.3 The lives of animals
38 38 43 55
3 Nature’s Value and Other Obsessions 3.1 How nature matters 3.2 Technology 3.3 The hegemony of values-thinking
65 65 69 80
4 Why Conserve Nature? 4.1 Phenomenology and moral normativity 4.2 Selfless attention to nature 4.3 Responses to some objections
90 90 103 109
5 Beyond the Human 5.1 Realism and anthropocentrism 5.2 The alterity of nature 5.3 The transhuman nature of perception
117 117 120 136
Conclusion
148
Bibliography
156
Index
163
v
Acknowledgements In writing this book, I have benefited from the help of many friends and colleagues. I am especially grateful to Alex Carruth for readin
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