The psychometric properties of a self- report scale on assessing social interaction of people with prolonged social with
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The psychometric properties of a self- report scale on assessing social interaction of people with prolonged social withdrawal (HIKIKOMORI) Shunsuke Nonaka 1
&
Motohiro Sakai 2
Accepted: 28 October 2020 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract This study assessed the social interaction behaviors of individuals with prolonged social withdrawal (HIKIKOMORI), subsequently developing a 26-item self-reported scale called the Adaptive Behaviors Scale for Hikikomori Self Report version (ABSH-SR). The psychometric properties of the scale were confirmed using the item response theory. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and item response theory (IRT) analysis were conducted using data from participants classified into three groups: the HIKIKOMORI group (n = 72), those who previously experienced it (previous group; n = 175), and the control group (n = 849). The reliability was assessed using the test-retest method and Cronbach’s alpha. The results suggest a reliable scale with acceptable criterion-related, convergent, and discriminant validity. This study suggests that the ABS-H-SR adequately assessed the social interaction behaviors of individuals with prolonged social withdrawal (HIKIKOMORI). Further research may clarify the extent to which the ABS-H-SR is sensitive to changes in the characteristics of prolonged social withdrawal (HIKIKOMORI). Keywords Adaptive behavior . HIKIKOMORI . Social interaction . Social withdrawal . Psychometric study
Introduction HIKIKOMORI, or prolonged social withdrawal, as defined by the Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare’s research group, is a phenomenon with characteristics including avoidance of social interactions (e.g., school and work attendance, socializing outside one’s home, staying at home on most days except solitary outings) for more than 6 months (Saito, 2010). A study on the epidemiology of prolonged social withdrawal (HIKIKOMORI) in a community-based population aged 20–49 years (N = 1660) in Japan revealed that 1.2% of the population experienced it in their lifetime (Koyama et al., 2010). Although prolonged social withdrawal (HIKIKOMORI) was initially regarded as a distinctively Japanese phenomenon, several studies have reported its Note: This scale can be used for research and educational purposes only; however, please refer to this paper when using the scale. * Shunsuke Nonaka [email protected] 1
School of Child Psychology, Tokyo Future University, 34-12 Senjuakebono-cho, Adachi-ku, Tokyo 120-0023, Japan
2
Faculty of Education, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen Kibanadai Nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
prevalence in other countries, including India, Korea, and the USA (Kato, Kanba, & Teo, 2018; Teo et al., 2015). Most individuals with prolonged social withdrawal (HIKIKOMORI) have real psychosocial difficulties; for example, Kondo et al. (2013) indicated that 80.3% of individuals with prolonged social withdrawal (HIKIKOMORI) who utilized mental health welfare services were diagnosed with mental disorders according t
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