The Public Nature of Science under Assault Politics, Markets, Scienc

Science has development from a self-evident public good to being highly valued in other contexts for different reasons: strengthening the economic competitiveness and, especially in high-tech fields, as a financial investment for future gains. This has be

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Helga Nowotny Dominique Pestre Eberhard Schmidt-Aûmann Helmuth Schulze-Fielitz Hans-Heinrich Trute

The Public Nature of Science under Assault Politics, Markets, Science and the Law

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Professor Dr., Ph.D. Helga Nowotny Wissenschaftszentrum Wien Strozziggasse 10/16 1080 Wien Austria [email protected] Professor Dominique Pestre Centre Alexandre Koyr Pavillion Chevreul Museum National d'Historie Naturelle 57 rue Cuvier 75005 Paris France [email protected]; [email protected]

Professor Dr. Helmuth Schulze-Fielitz Julius-Maximilians-Universitåt Wçrzburg Juristische Fakultåt Domerschulstraûe 16 97070 Wçrzburg Germany [email protected] Professor Dr. Hans-Heinrich Trute Universitåt Hamburg FB Rechtswissenschaft Edmund-Siemens-Allee 1 20146 Hamburg Germany [email protected]

Professor Dr. Dr. h.c. Eberhard Schmidt-Aûmann Ruprecht-Karls-Universitåt Heidelberg Institut fçr deutsches und europåisches Verwaltungsrecht Friedrich-Ebert-Anlage 6±10 69117 Heidelberg Germany [email protected]

ISBN-10 ISBN-13

3-540-25791-8 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York 978-3-540-25791-2 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York

Cataloging-in-Publication Data Library of Congress Control Number: 2005929388 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law. Springer is a part of Springer Science+Business Media springeronline.com ° Springer Berlin ´ Heidelberg 2005 Printed in Germany The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Hardcover-Design: Erich Kirchner, Heidelberg SPIN 11422761

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Dieter Grimm

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Preface Dieter Grimm

In the period of enthusiasm about technology, the relationship between science and the public was marked by trust. It was taken for granted that scientific progress meant human progress. This is no longer true. Today, it is rather mistrust that dominates. The hope for progress through more knowledge has given way to fear of the risks involved in new technologies in the world of globalized competition. Supervision has replaced the granting of autonomy. The increased importance of knowledge in industrial societies and the great importance placed on science and research have been followed by high demands for accountability and transparency, and have given way to political fights for more