The Rif Belt
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The Rif Belt A. Chalouan, A. Michard, Kh. El Kadiri, F. Negro, D. Frizon de Lamotte, J.I. Soto and O. Saddiqi
This chapter is dedicated to the memory of our friend Pr. Ahmed Ben Ya¨ıch, whose promising scientific activity has been interrupted too early, and of Gabriel Suter, the father of the Rifian geological mapping, just disappeared after a long Moroccan career.
5.1 General References: Considering only the most recent and general references, we may cite Frizon de Lamotte et al. (1991), Mart´ınez-Mart´ınez & Aza˜no´ n (1997), Chalouan et al. (2001), Platt et al. (2003a), Chalouan & Michard (2004), Frizon de Lamotte A. Chalouan Department of Earth Sciences, Mohammed V-Agdal University, Faculty of Sciences, BP 1014, Rabat-Agdal, Morocco, e-mail: [email protected] A. Michard Universit´e de Paris-Sud (Orsay) and Ecole Normale Sup´erieure (Paris), 10 rue des Jeˆuneurs, 75002 Paris, e-mail: [email protected] Kh. El Kadiri Abdelmalek-Essaadi University, Faculty of Sciences, BP. 2121, M’Hannech II, 93003 Tetouan, Morocco, e-mail: [email protected] F. Negro Institut de G´eologie et d’Hydrog´eologie, Universit´e de Neuchˆatel, 11, rue Emile Argand, CP 158, 2009 Neuchˆatel, Suisse, e-mail: [email protected] D. Frizon de Lamotte Universit´e de Cergy-Pontoise, D´ept. Sciences de la Terre et de l’Environnement, (CNRS, UMR 7072) 95 031 Cergy cedex, France, e-mail: [email protected] J.I. Soto Departamento de Geodin´amica e Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de la Tierra (CSIC-Univ. Granada) Campus Fuentenueva s/n 18071, Granada (Spain), e-mail: [email protected] O. Saddiqi Universit´e Hassan II, Facult´e des Sciences A¨ın Chok, Laboratoire G´eodynamique et Thermochronologie, BP 5366 Maˆarif, Casablanca, Maroc, e-mail: [email protected]
A. Michard et al., Continental Evolution: The Geology of Morocco. Lecture Notes c Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2008 in Earth Sciences 116,
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et al. (2004), Crespo-Blanc & Frizon de Lamotte (2006), and Michard et al. (2006). The most recent offshore campaigns in the Alboran Sea, Gulf of Cadiz, and Algerian Basin are reported by Chalouan et al. (1997), Comas et al. (1999), Maldonado et al. (1999), and Mauffret et al. (2004, 2007). The role of the Gibraltar Arc tectonics on the Messinian salinity crisis is considered by Jolivet et al. (2006), Loget & Van Den Driessche (2006), and Maillard et al. (2006). Further geophysical references are given in Sect. 5.3. An historical review of the concept of Gibraltar Arc has been published by Durand-Delga (2006).
5.1.1 The Rif Belt, a Segment of the Mediterranean Alpine Belts The Rif Belt belongs to a much larger orogen, i.e. the Betic-Rif-Tell orogen, which itself is part of the still larger Mediterranean Alpine belts (Fig. 5.1; see also Chap. 1.1, Fig. 1.2). The Rif Belt occupies a key position in this orogenic system. On the one hand, it forms the westernmost part of the Maghrebide belt, which extends along the North African coast, and continues eastward to Sicily and Calabria in southern Italy. On the other hand,
