The role of microglia in the development of neurodegeneration
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
The role of microglia in the development of neurodegeneration Aigul R. Saitgareeva 1 & Kirill V. Bulygin 2,3
&
Ilgiz F. Gareev 1 & Ozal A. Beylerli 4 & Leila R. Akhmadeeva 1
Received: 6 March 2020 / Accepted: 9 May 2020 # Fondazione Società Italiana di Neurologia 2020
Abstract Microglia-mediated central nervous system (CNS) inflammation is one of the key features of various neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases. In the last few years, a number of studies have investigated the link between neurodegenerative diseases and CNS glial cells, in particular microglia. Microglial cells are the main resident immune cells and comprise approximately 10–15% of all CNS cells. Microglia at rest regulates CNS homeostasis via phagocytic activity, by removing pathogens and cell detritus. “Resting” microglia cells transform into an activated form and produce inflammatory mediators, thus protecting neurons and providing defense against invading pathogens. Excessive inflammation leads to neuronal damage and neurodegenerative diseases. Various microglial reactions at different stages of the disease can open up new directions for treatment interventions and modification of the inflammatory activity. This review focuses on the potential role of microglia and the dynamic M1/M2 phenotype changes that are critically linked to certain neurodegenerative diseases. Keywords Neurodegeneration . Neurodegenerative disease . Neuroinflammation . Microglia
Introduction Microglial cells are the resident macrophages of the central nervous system. These cells of mesenchymal origin migrate to all areas of the central nervous system, traverse through the brain parenchyma, and assume a specific branched morphological phenotype, which is called “resting microglia.” Microglial cells transform into activated microglia to protect CNS from neuronal damage or pathogenic invaders and ensuing neuroinflammatory reactions. Activated microglia is capable of proliferation, migration, and producing various substances that can have either neuroprotective or neurotoxic effects [1]. Apart from its well-known role in the immune system, microglia also has a fundamental role in the regulation of homeostasis via degradation and removal of cellular detritus [2]. * Kirill V. Bulygin [email protected] 1
Bashkir State Medical University, Ufa, Russian Federation
2
I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
3
M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
4
Hospital of Emergency Medical Care of Ufa, Ufa, Russian Federation
Neuroinflammation is a characteristic feature of various neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson’s disease (PD) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) [3]. Activation of microglia has a key role in the inflammation in the central nervous system and provides the first line of defense in trauma or disease [4]. Neuroinflammation plays a dual role; it has both deleterious and beneficial effects on neurons. Some data indicate the neurotoxic effe
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