The role of casein in the development of hypercholesterolemia
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MINI REVIEW
The role of casein in the development of hypercholesterolemia Olivia Hanna Koury & Celena Scheede-Bergdahl & Andreas Bergdahl
Received: 27 February 2014 / Accepted: 6 October 2014 / Published online: 15 October 2014 # University of Navarra 2014
Abstract Atherosclerosis remains the leading cause of severe cardiovascular complications such as cardio- and cerebrovascular events. Given that prevention and early intervention play important roles in the reduction of cardiovascular complications associated with atherosclerosis, it is critical to better understand how to target the modifiable risk factors, such as diet, in order to best minimize their contributions to the development of the disease. Studies have shown that various dietary sources of protein can affect blood lipid levels, a modifiable risk factor for atherosclerosis, either positively or negatively. This clearly highlights that not all proteins are “created equal.” For example, consumption of diets high in either animal- or vegetable-based sources of protein have resulted in varied and inconsistent effects on blood cholesterol levels, often depending on the amino acid composition of the protein and the species investigated. Careful consideration of the source of dietary protein may play an important role in the prevention of atherosclerosis and subsequent cardiovascular complications. Given the recent focus on high protein diets, an emphasis on controlled studies in the area is warranted. The goal of this review is to present the current state of the O. H. Koury : A. Bergdahl (*) Department of Exercise Science, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H4B 1R6, Canada e-mail: [email protected] C. Scheede-Bergdahl Department of Kinesiology & Physical Education, McGill University, 475 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, QC H2W 1S4, Canada
literature that examines the effects of casein, a commonly utilized animal-based protein, on blood cholesterol levels and the varying effects noted in both animals and humans. Keywords Casein protein . Hypercholesterolemia . Soy protein . Lipoprotein . Cardiovascular disease
Cholesterol and the development of atherosclerosis Atherosclerosis lies at the root of many serious cardiovascular complications such as myocardial infarction, stroke, gangrene, intermittent claudication, and limb amputation [39]. The initiation of the atherosclerotic process depends mainly on the state and function of the endothelial layer, which represents the demarcation between the vessel wall and the blood [15]. Endothelial dysfunction is characterized by two aspects: a reduction of the bioavailability of nitric oxide, which leads to impaired vasoreactivity, and the activation of the endothelial cells [7, 51]. Taken together, these features induce a pro-inflammatory, proliferative, and pro-coagulatory state, all of which contribute to the progression of atherogenesis [1]. Factors associated with endothelial dysfunction include smoking, oxidative stress, diabetes, metabolic dysfunction, obesity, hypercholester
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