The role of tourism and renewable energy in testing the environmental Kuznets curve in the BRICS countries: fresh eviden
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
The role of tourism and renewable energy in testing the environmental Kuznets curve in the BRICS countries: fresh evidence from methods of moments quantile regression Noshaba Aziz 1 & Leonardus WW Mihardjo 2 & Arshian Sharif 3,4 & Kittisak Jermsittiparsert 5,6 Received: 5 March 2020 / Accepted: 3 July 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract BRICS are among the rising nations which drive economic growth by excessive utilization of resources and resulting in environment degradation. Although there is bulk of research on environmental Kuznets curve (EKC), very limited studies explored the scope in context of tourism in BRICS countries. So this research is conducted to explore the association of tourism, renewable energy, and economic growth with carbon emissions by using annual data of BRICS countries from the year 1995 to 2018. By using the recent approach of method of moments quantile regression (MMQR), the finding shows that tourism has stronger significant negative effects from 10th to 40th quantile while the effects are insignificant at remaining quantiles. Furthermore, an inverted U-shape EKC curve is also apparent at all quantiles excluding 10th and 20th quantiles. For renewable energy, the results are found negatively significant across all quantiles (10th–90th) which claim that CO2 emission can be reduced by opting renewable sources. Hence, the empirical results of the current study provide insights for policymakers to consume renewable energy sources for the sustainable economic growth and solution of environmental problems. Keywords Tourism . Renewable energy . EKC . MMQR . BRICS
Introduction In the twenty-first century, one of the top most issues faced by government and policymakers is global warming which has become a crucial issue globally (Rogelj et al. 2018; Destek and Sarkodie 2019; Khattak et al. 2020). The earth surface has amplified its average temperature 0.5 °C by taking 100 years more from 0.19 to 0.31 °C spanning the period 1880–1994, but surprisingly, it increased up to 0.9 °C in 2017 by using
only 20 years. The main reason behind such rapid rise of temperature is emission of greenhouse gases especially carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions which occurs due to overutilization of fossil fuels in the form of gas, coal, and oil and acts as an energy source for economic activities (Gokmenoglu and Taspinar 2018; Sarkodie 2018; Rafindadi and Usman 2019). In 2014, Intergovernmental Panel report on Climate Change (IPCC Panel 2014) has identified that economic development and taming the living standard of people led to almost 76.6%
Responsible Editor: Eyup Dogan * Kittisak Jermsittiparsert [email protected] Noshaba Aziz [email protected] Leonardus WW Mihardjo [email protected] Arshian Sharif [email protected] 1
College of Economics and Management, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
2
Bina Nusantara University, Jalan Hang Lekir I no. 6, Senayan, Jakarta 10270, Indonesia
3
Othman Yeop Abdullah Grad
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