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Particle Technology Series Series Editor Professor Brian Scarlett Technical University of Delft

The Kluwer Particle Technology Series of books is the successor to the Chapman and Hall Powder Technology Series. The aims are the same, the scope is wider. The particles involved may be solid or they may be droplets. The size range may be granular, powder or nano-scale. The accent may be on materials or on equipment, it may be practical or theoretical. Each book can add one brick to a fascinating and vital technology. Such a vast field cannot be covered by a carefully organised tome or encyclopaedia. Any author who has a view or experience to contribute is welcome. The subject of particle technology is set to enjoy its golden times at the start of the new millennium and I expect that the growth of this series of books will reflect that trend.

The Science and Engineering of Granulation Processes JIM LITSTER The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia

BRYAN ENNIS E&G Associates, Nashville, Tennessee, U.S.A.

and

LIAN LIU (Associate Editor) The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia

SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V.

A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.

ISBN 978-90-481-6533-9 ISBN 978-94-017-0546-2 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-0546-2

Printed on acid-free paper

All Rights Reserved © 2004 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 2004 Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover 1st edition No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work.

Dedication To my wife, Annette, and my children, Sam, Rachel and Angus, for their unfailing love and support.

JL

Preface This book had its origins in a meeting between two (relatively) young particle technology researchers on Rehobeth Beach in Delaware in 1992 near the holiday house of Reg Davies (then Director of the Particle Science and Technology Research Center in Dupont). As we played in the sand, we shared an excitement for developments in particle technology, especially particle characterization, that would lead operations such as granulation to be placed on a sound scientific and engineering footing. The immediate outcome from this interaction was the development of new industry short courses in granulation and related topics which we taught together both in Australia and North America. This book follows closely the structure and approaches developed in these courses, particularly the emphasis on particle design in granulation, where the impact of both formulation properties and process variables on product attributes needs to be understood and quantified. The book has been a long time in the making. We hav