The sedimentological and stratigraphical analysis of the Paleocene to Early Eocene Dungan Formation, Kirthar Fold and Th
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
The sedimentological and stratigraphical analysis of the Paleocene to Early Eocene Dungan Formation, Kirthar Fold and Thrust Belt, Pakistan: implications for reservoir potential Sajjad Ahmad1 · Bilal Wadood2,3 · Suleman Khan1 · Abd Ullah1 · Ghazi Mustafa1 · Muhammad Hanif4 · Hasbee Ullah1 Received: 12 July 2020 / Revised: 19 August 2020 / Accepted: 24 August 2020 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract The present study aims to evaluate the Paleocene to Early Eocene carbonates of the Dungan Formation in the Kirthar Fold and Thrust Belt, Pakistan for its paleo-depositional environment, sequence stratigraphy, and diagenetic effects on reservoir potential. The utilization of outcrop data for faunal identification and microfacies techniques helped in interpreting the paleo-environments and sequence stratigraphic framework. The microfacies analysis revealed that carbonates of the Dungan Formation in the Kirthar Fold and Thrust Belt represent a distal middle shelf-deep basinal settings of deposition. We documented a sea-level rise of second-order (spanning from Middle Danian to Ypresian) that in turn consists of a Transgressive Systems Tract (TST) and a Regressive Systems Tract (RST) of third-order cyclicity, spanning from Danian–Selandian and Thanetian-Early Ypresian respectively. The comparison with published data, the sea-level oscillations is influenced by eustacy and local tectonics. The hydrocarbon reservoir rock characterization of the carbonates is achieved by recording marine, burial, and meteoric diagenetic phases. The processes of cementation, micritization, neomorphism, and compaction occluded the effective porosity while dissolution and fracturing have enhanced the porosity and permeability of the rock unit. The petrographic evidence augmented by quantitative plug porosity and permeability data suggest poor to moderate reservoir potential of the carbonates of the Dungan Formation. Keywords Dungan Formation · Microfacies analysis · Depositional environment · Diagenesis · Sequence stratigraphy · Reservoir potential
1 Introduction Communicated by M. V. Alves Martins * Bilal Wadood [email protected] Sajjad Ahmad [email protected] Suleman Khan [email protected] 1
Department of Geology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, KPK, Pakistan
2
State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics, Department of Geology, Northwest University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
3
Department of Geology, University of Swabi, Anbar‑Swabi, KPK, Pakistan
4
National Centre of Excellence in Geology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, KPK, Pakistan
The studied section lies in the Central Kirthar Range, which is located at the north-western margin of the Indian Plate (Kazmi 1981; Fig. 1). The Kirthar Fold Belt extends from the southern end of the Sulaiman Range to Karachi and forms 380–400 km long and 50–70 km wide north–south trending fold and thrust belt (Kazmi and Jan 1997). The Sulaiman Fold and Thrust Belt bound the study area to the north and the Bela Ophiolite to the west. The S
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