The Societal Costs of Anxiety and Mood Disorders: An Epidemiological Perspective
This chapter reviews the epidemiological literature on the prevalence and adverse societal consequences of anxiety and mood disorders. A special emphasis is put on the recently collected data from the completed World Health Organization (WHO) World Mental
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Springer Science+Business Media LLC 2010 (USA)
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The Societal Costs of Anxiety and Mood Disorders: An Epidemiological Perspective
Abstract: This chapter reviews the epidemiological literature on the prevalence and adverse societal consequences of anxiety and mood disorders. A special emphasis is put on the recently collected data from the completed World Health Organization (WHO) World ¨ stu¨n, 2008). The first section of the chapter Mental Health (WMH) Surveys (Kessler and U discusses the methods used in community epidemiological surveys to estimate the prevalence and correlates of mental disorders. The next section reviews the recent worldwide epidemiological literature on the general population prevalence of anxiety and mood disorders. This is followed by reviews of recent epidemiological evidence on age-of-onset distributions, illness course, and comorbidity among the anxiety and mood disorders. The last section reviews the recent epidemiological literature on the adverse effects of anxiety and mood disorders. The evidence presented in these sections documents clearly that anxiety and mood disorders are commonly occurring, that many of them start at an early age and have a chronic-recurrent course, and that they have a number of adverse effects that make them among the most costly of all health problems from a societal perspective. List of Abbreviations: AOO, Age-Of-Onset; BPD, Bipolar Disorder; CDS, The National Institute of Mental Health Collaborative Depression Study; CIDI, The Composite International Diagnostic Interview; DIS, The Diagnostic Interview Schedule; DSM, The American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; GAD, Generalized Anxiety Disorder; HARP, The Harvard/Brown Anxiety Disorders Research Program; ICD, The World Health Organization International Classification of Diseases; ICPE, The World Health Organization International Consortium of Psychiatric Epidemiology; IQR, Inter-Quartile Range; MDD, Major Depressive Disorder; NCS-R, The National Comorbidity Survey Replication; NIMH, The National Institute of Mental Health; OCD, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder; PTSD, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder; SAD, Separation Anxiety Disorder; WHO, World Health Organization; WMH Surveys, The World Mental Health Surveys
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Introduction
This chapter reviews the epidemiological literature on the societal costs of anxiety and mood disorders. Interest in the costs of illness – not only direct treatment costs, but the human costs as well – has increased dramatically over the past decade as part of the larger movement to rationalize the allocation of treatment resources and maximize benefit in relation to cost. Much of the current interest in anxiety and mood disorders among health policy makers is based on the fact that these disorders have consistently been found in cost-of-illness studies to be among the most costly health problems in the population (e.g., Ormel et al., 2008). A number of factors account for these results and have important implications for the des
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