The Stress Driven Rearrangement Instabilities in Electronic Materials and in Helium Crystals
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The Stress Driven Rearrangement Instabilities in Electronic Materials and in Helium Crystals Michael Grinfeld1, Pavel Grinfeld2, Haruo Kojima3, John Little4, Ryuichi Masutomi3, Per-Olof. Persson2 and Tsvetanka Zheleva4 1 US Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005-5069 USA 2 Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA 3 Rutgers University, Serin Physics Laboratory, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA 4 US Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, MD USA ABSTRACT At present, there is a consensus that various Stress Driven Rearrangement Instabilities (SDRI) are the implications of the mathematically rigorous theoretical Gibbs thermodynamics. Many applied researchers and practitioners believe that SDRI are also universal physical phenomena occurring over a large range of length scales and applied topics. There is a multitude of publications claiming experimental observation of the SDRI based phenomena. This opinion is challenged by other highly respected scholars claiming theoretical inconsistencies and multiple experimental counterexamples. Such an uncertainty is too costly for further progress on the SDRI topic. The ultimate goal of our project is to resolve this controversy. The project includes experimental, theoretical, and numerical studies. Among various plausible manifestations of SDRI, the authors focused only on two most promising for which the validity of the SDRI has already been claimed by other researchers: a) stress driven corrugations of the solid-melt phase interface in macroscopic quantum 4He and b) the dislocation-free Stranski-Krastanov pattern of growth of semiconductor quantum dots. We devised a program and experimental set-ups for testing applicability of the SDRI mechanisms using the same physical systems as before but using implications of the SDRI theory for 2D patterning which have never been tested in the past. INTRODUCTION It is widely believed that the Gibbs variational paradigm (Gibbs, 1868, 1870) can be used as a reliable foundation of thermodynamics of heterogeneous systems allowing for the exploration of equilibrium and stability in these systems. Although universal stability conditions of such systems can be found in many textbooks on thermodynamics, they are, in fact, valid for the systems with liquid phases only. An adequate stability theory of heterogeneous systems with solid phases was suggested in 1982 and its basic results were summarized in a monograph (Grinfeld, 1991). The main conclusion of the theory was totally unexpected: contrary to the existing experimental data and observations, the theory claims that various morphological instabilities at the phase interfaces in heterogeneous systems should exist. Similarly to the consideration of Gibbs this general stability theory was based on the reliable foundation of nonlinear elasticity. Therefore, any possibility of artifacts, which are quite often generated by linear elasticity, was eliminated. Therefore, a difficult dilemma appeared: to accept the existence of multiple
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undetected instabi
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