The sum is more than its parts: stability of MnFe oxide nanoparticles supported on oxygen-functionalized multi-walled ca
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ORIGINAL PAPER
The sum is more than its parts: stability of MnFe oxide nanoparticles supported on oxygen-functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes at alternating oxygen reduction reaction and oxygen evolution reaction conditions Dulce M. Morales 1,2
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Mariya A. Kazakova 3
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Maximilian Purcel 1 & Justus Masa 4
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Wolfgang Schuhmann 1
Received: 11 April 2020 / Revised: 22 May 2020 / Accepted: 23 May 2020 # The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Successful design of reversible oxygen electrocatalysts does not only require to consider their activity towards the oxygen reduction (ORR) and the oxygen evolution reactions (OER), but also their electrochemical stability at alternating ORR and OER operating conditions, which is important for potential applications in reversible electrolyzers/fuel cells or metal/air batteries. We show that the combination of catalyst materials containing stable ORR active sites with those containing stable OER active sites may result in a stable ORR/OER catalyst if each of the active components can satisfy the current demand of their respective reaction. We compare the ORR/OER performances of oxides of Mn (stable ORR active sites), Fe (stable OER active sites), and bimetallic Mn0.5Fe0.5 (reversible ORR/OER catalyst) supported on oxidized multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Despite the instability of Mn and Fe oxide for the OER and the ORR, respectively, Mn0.5Fe0.5 exhibits high stability for both reactions. Keywords Manganese oxide . Iron oxide . Multi-walled carbon nanotubes . Electrocatalysis . Stability . Bifunctional oxygen electrodes
Introduction Dedicated to Prof. Fritz Scholz on the occasion of his 65th birthday Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-020-04667-2 ) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Dulce M. Morales [email protected] * Wolfgang Schuhmann [email protected] 1
Analytical Chemistry – Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
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Present address: Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Nachwuchsgruppe Gestaltung des Sauerstoffentwicklungsmechanismus, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
3
Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, SB RAS, Lavrentieva 5, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
4
Department of Heterogeneous Reactions, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstraße 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
Development and commercialization of regenerative energy conversion technologies, such as rechargeable metal-air batteries or reversible electrolyzer-fuel cell devices, are presently challenged by a lack of electrochemically stable materials that are able to reversibly catalyze both the oxygen reduction (ORR) and the oxygen evolution (OER) reactions at low overpotentials. A typical strategy for the fabrication of bifunctional ORR/OER electrocatalytic materials consists in combining at least two types of active
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