The Sun, the Solar Wind, and the Heliosphere
This volume represents the state of the art of the science covered by the International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy (IAGA) Division IV: Solar Wind and Interplanetary Field. It contains a collection of contributions by top experts addressing a
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IAGA Special Sopron Book Series Volume 4 Series Editor Bengt Hultqvist The Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Kiruna, Sweden The International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy is one of the eight Associations of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG). IAGA’s Mission The overall purpose of IAGA is set out in the first statute of the Association: • to promote studies of magnetism and aeronomy of the Earth and other bodies of the solar system, and of the interplanetary medium and its interaction with these bodies, where such studies have international interest; • to encourage research in these subjects by individual countries, institutions or persons and to facilitate its international coordination; • to provide an opportunity on an international basis for discussion and publication of the results of the researches; and • to promote appropriate standardizations of observational programs, data acquisition systems, data analysis and publication. Volumes in this series: The Earth’s Magnetic Interior Edited by E. Petrovský, D. Ivers, T. Harinarayana and E. Herrero-Bervera Aeronomy of the Earth’s Atmosphere and Ionosphere Edited by M.A. Abdu, D. Pancheva and A. Bhattacharyya The Dynamic Magnetosphere Edited by W. Liu and M. Fujimoto The Sun, the Solar Wind, and the Heliosphere Edited by M.P. Miralles and J. Sánchez Almeida Geomagnetic Observations and Models Edited by M. Mandea and M. Korte
For titles published in this series, go to http://www.springer.com/series/8636
The Sun, the Solar Wind, and the Heliosphere
Editors
Mari Paz Miralles Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
Jorge Sánchez Almeida Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, La Laguna (Tenerife), Spain
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Editors
Dr. Mari Paz Miralles Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics 60 Garden Street, Cambridge Massachusetts 02138 USA [email protected]
Dr. Jorge Sánchez Almeida Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias E-38205 La Laguna, Tenerife Spain [email protected]
ISBN 978-90-481-9786-6 e-ISBN 978-90-481-9787-3 DOI 10.1007/978-90-481-9787-3 Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York c Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2011 All Rights Reserved for Chapters 2 and 28 No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Cover illustration: Collage of representative images from this book. Image courtesy of Mari Paz Miralles and Jorge Sánchez Almeida. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
Foreword by the Series Editor
The IAGA Executive Committee decided in 2008, at the invitation of Springer, to publish a series of books, which should present the status of the IAGA sciences at
