The transverse-axial tubular system of cardiomyocytes
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Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences
Review
The transverse‑axial tubular system of cardiomyocytes C. Ferrantini · C. Crocini · R. Coppini · F. Vanzi · C. Tesi · E. Cerbai · C. Poggesi · F. S. Pavone · L. Sacconi
Received: 3 April 2013 / Revised: 3 June 2013 / Accepted: 13 June 2013 © Springer Basel 2013
Abstract A characteristic histological feature of striated muscle cells is the presence of deep invaginations of the plasma membrane (sarcolemma), most commonly referred to as T-tubules or the transverse-axial tubular system (TATS). TATS mediates the rapid spread of the electrical signal (action potential) to the cell core triggering Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, ultimately inducing myofilament contraction (excitation–contraction coupling). T-tubules, first described in vertebrate skeletal muscle cells, have also been recognized for a long time in mammalian cardiac ventricular myocytes, with a structure
C. Ferrantini · C. Tesi · C. Poggesi Division of Physiology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy C. Ferrantini · R. Coppini · C. Tesi · E. Cerbai · C. Poggesi Centre of Molecular Medicine (C.I.M.M.B.A.), University of Florence, Florence, Italy C. Crocini · F. Vanzi · F. S. Pavone · L. Sacconi European Laboratory for Non‑Linear Spectroscopy (LENS), University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy R. Coppini · E. Cerbai Division of Pharmacology, Department “NeuroFarBa”, University of Florence, Florence, Italy F. Vanzi Department of Biology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy F. S. Pavone Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy F. S. Pavone · L. Sacconi (*) National Institute of Optics (INO), National Research Council (CNR), Florence, Italy e-mail: [email protected]
and a function that in recent years have been shown to be far more complex and pivotal for cardiac function than initially thought. Renewed interest in T-tubule function stems from the loss and disorganization of T-tubules found in a number of pathological conditions including human heart failure (HF) and dilated and hypertrophic cardiomyopathies, as well as in animal models of HF, chronic ischemia and atrial fibrillation. Disease-related remodeling of the TATS leads to asynchronous and inhomogeneous Ca2+release, due to the presence of orphan ryanodine receptors that have lost their coupling with the dihydropyridine receptors and are either not activated or activated with a delay. Here, we review the physiology of the TATS, focusing first on the relationship between function and structure, and then describing T-tubular remodeling and its reversal in disease settings and following effective therapeutic approaches. Keywords T-tubules · Calcium-induced calcium release · Action potential propagation · Cardiac diseases · T-tubular remodeling
Physiological properties of the TATS T-tubules are transverse invaginations of the surface sarcolemma (SS) that occur in mammalian heart ventricles at each Z-line and branch within the ce
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