The useful agent to have an ideal biological scaffold
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FULL LENGTH REVIEW
The useful agent to have an ideal biological scaffold Raziyeh Kheirjou . Jafar Soleimani Rad . Ahad Ferdowsi Khosroshahi . Leila Roshangar
Received: 9 April 2020 / Accepted: 3 November 2020 Ó Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract Tissue engineering which is applied in regenerative medicine has three basic components: cells, scaffolds and growth factors. This multidisciplinary field can regulate cell behaviors in different conditions using scaffolds and growth factors. Scaffolds perform this regulation with their structural, mechanical, functional and bioinductive properties and growth factors by attaching to and activating their receptors in cells. There are various types of biological extracellular matrix (ECM) and polymeric scaffolds in tissue engineering. Recently, many researchers have turned to using biological ECM rather than polymeric scaffolds because of its safety and growth factors. Therefore, selection the right scaffold with the best properties tailored to clinical use is an ideal way to regulate cell behaviors in order to repair or improve damaged tissue functions in regenerative medicine. In this review we first divided properties of biological scaffold into intrinsic and extrinsic elements and then explain the components of each element. Finally, the types of scaffold storage methods and their advantages and disadvantages are examined.
R. Kheirjou A. F. Khosroshahi Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran J. S. Rad L. Roshangar (&) Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 33363879 Tabriz, Iran e-mail: [email protected]
Keywords Tissue engineering Decellularization Biological scaffold Extracellular matrix Tissue banking Storage
Introduction Tissue engineering has appeared in the 1980s. This multidisciplinary field is applied in regenerative medicine to help various damaged tissues and organs, and it is based on using of cells, scaffolds, and bioactive factors. Scaffolds not only provide a supportive template for cell attachment, but they also create a biomechanical and physical environment. So the scaffolds play an active role in the regulation of cell behaviors (Qiu 2012). Because of the toxic and inflammatory capacity of synthetic polymers, which lead to reducing extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling and growth capacity, the xeno-or allogeneic tissues are substituted to biodegradable synthetic scaffolds (Thompson 1992). The cells of xeno-or allogeneic tissues as biological scaffolds, are removed, and their ECM remains as 3-dimensioal (3D) structure (Badylak et al. 2009). These natural ECMs decrease immune and inflammatory response in grafting through decellularization, and serve as inductive means through their structural and functional proteins and endogenous growth factors (Assmann 2013; Badylak et al. 2012).
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Cell Tissue Bank
Collagen, elastin, and various glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), are the main component of biologic
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