The Vibrios: Scavengers, Symbionts, and Pathogens from the Sea
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The Vibrios: Scavengers, Symbionts, and Pathogens from the Sea D. Jay Grimes 1 Received: 24 March 2020 / Accepted: 5 May 2020 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Bacteria belonging to the genus Vibrio are major carbon cycle drivers in marine and estuarine environments. As is the case for most carbon cycle participants, the vibrios metabolize degradable compounds such as sugars and amino acids; they can also degrade some more recalcitrant compounds including hydrocarbons and lignins. Several vibrios are symbionts and even fewer are pathogenic for animals, including humans and marine animals and plants. This paper reviews Vibrio ecology, metabolism, and survival, and it also discusses select vibrios—V. alginolyticus, V. cholerae, V. coralliilyticus, V. cortegadensis, V. fischeri, V. harveyi, V. harveyi var. carahariae, V. ordalii, V. parahaemolyticus, and V. vulnificus. Keywords Vibrio . Scavenger . Symbiont . Pathogen . Ecology . Metabolism . Survival
Introduction Fillipo Pacini first described the cholera bacillus in 1854, by using a microscope to observe fresh cholera stools [1]. Almost 30 years later, the German physician Robert Koch discovered Vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of cholera [2, 3]. He had previously discovered (isolated and morphologically described) the anthrax bacillus in 1876 and the tuberculosis bacillus in 1882. Considered by many to be the father of bacteriology, Koch used streak plate technology, developed 2 years earlier in his laboratory by Loeffler and Gaffky, to isolate V. cholerae in fresh, rice-water stools collected from patients in Kolkata, west Bengal, India. Koch spent the next several years studying the cholera bacillus and he and his co-workers developed many of the procedures used to control cholera and other waterborne diseases to this day. Currently, 147 Vibrio species and 4 subspecies are recognized (www.bacterio.net/vibrio.html), of which 24 are pathogenic for animals and plants. Twelve species are frequently isolated from humans and 10 are confirmed human pathogens. Most of the pathogenic species are animal pathogens and the “big three,” based on human disease incidence and severity, are V. cholerae, V. parahaemolyticus, and V. vulnificus, followed closely by V. * D. Jay Grimes [email protected] 1
Department of Coastal Sciences, The University of Southern Mississippi, 703 East Beach Drive, Ocean Springs, MS 39564, USA
alginolyticus. In general, the human pathogenic vibrios cause diarrhea or extra-intestinal infections which are usually wound infections, but they also cause conjunctivitis and external otitis. Several species cause diseases in other animals, both vertebrates (most commonly in fishes) and invertebrates (e.g., blue crabs and shrimp); vibrios also cause disease in plants and corals. The general term for any type of vibrio disease is “vibriosis” and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimate that there are 80,000 cases of human vibriosis that cause 100 deaths in the USA annually (ww
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