Surface Modified Carbons as Scavengers for Fluoride from Water
This book discusses the problems and feasible remediation of fluoride contamination in groundwater. The book investigates applications of various carbons derived from bio-mass and bio-polymers. It also inquires into surface modified carbons that use
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Surface Modified Carbons as Scavengers for Fluoride from Water
Surface Modified Carbons as Scavengers for Fluoride from Water
Venkataraman Sivasankar Editor
Surface Modified Carbons as Scavengers for Fluoride from Water
Editor Venkataraman Sivasankar Post Graduate and Research Department of Chemistry Pachaiyappa’s College Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
ISBN 978-3-319-40684-8 ISBN 978-3-319-40686-2 DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-40686-2
(eBook)
Library of Congress Control Number: 2016947092 © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland
This contribution is dedicated to my father
Preface
If clouds restrain their gifts and grant no rain The treasures fail in ocean’s wide domain —Kural 17, The excellence of rain
Water, the elixir of life, is pure before it reaches the ground. But once it arrives to the ground, it becomes mineralized. In the recent years, due to the rapid growth of industries which release noxious gases, the rain water becomes heavily contaminated even during its journey from the sky and is again ready for subsequent contamination on the ground. Among the groundwater contaminants, fluoride is viewed as a serious contaminant and frequently referred by the World Health Organization (WHO). It is considered nutritious in drinking water, when its concentration limit is 0.5 mg per liter, but on exceeding the maximum limit of 1.5 mg per liter, it is deleterious for human beings. Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
Venkataraman Sivasankar
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Acknowledgment
First and foremost, I pay my sincere thanks to Bhagvan Sri Ramana Maharishi for howering me grace throughout my book writing journey. As a pleasing mark of personal privilege, I submit my respects to my mother, Mrs. Padmavathi Venkataraman. Without this modest and scientifically vibrant personality, I feel I am a naught
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