Theoretical investigation for optimizing the production of 223 Ra in research reactors for treatment of bone metastases
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Theoretical investigation for optimizing the production of 223Ra in research reactors for treatment of bone metastases Lakshay Jain1,2 · S. V. Thakare3 · Kondayya Gundra4 Received: 27 February 2020 © Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, Hungary 2020
Abstract 223 Ra is one of the most promising 𝛼-particle emitters for targeted radionuclide therapy. In this work, the possibility of producing 223Ra by neutron irradiation of 226Ra in Dhruva Reactor at Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, India has been studied. A Bateman equation solver has been developed and used to calculate the activity yield of 227Ac for various combinations of irradiation and cooling periods. Based on this analysis, optimum time of irradiation and cooling have been estimated for maximizing the activity of 227Ac while keeping the activity from other unwanted nuclides as small as reasonably possible. Keywords 223Ra · 227Ac · Effective activity · Bateman equation · Irradiation period · Cooling period
Introduction Over the past decade, 𝛼-emitting radionuclides have become of great interest for the therapeutic treatment of cancer. This is due to the high linear energy transfer and very short range of 𝛼-particles in body tissues. The availability and radiochemitsry of these 𝛼-emitting radionuclides has opened new possibilities for radioimmunotherapy applications. Being a short lived 𝛼 -particle emitter with average energy of 5.64 MeV and no 𝛽 -particle emission, 223Ra (T1/2 = 11.43 days) is one of the potential radionuclides introduced in the targeted radionuclide therapy using 𝛼-particles [1]. It has a very high specific activity (1.9 MBq ng−1), delivers intense and highly localized radiation dose, and can also be Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10967-020-07159-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * S. V. Thakare [email protected] 1
Reactor Physics Design Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
2
Department of Engineering Sciences, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400094, India
3
Radiopharmaceuticals Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
4
Theoretical Physics Section, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
easily chemically separated from other radionuclides. The energy deposited is sufficient to break the double strand in the DNA of cancer cells leading to their death [2]. Besides 223 Ra, three of its daughters namely, 219Rn, 215Po and 211Bi also emit 𝛼-particles with energies of 6.75–7.5 MeV and contribute to energy deposition and death of the malignant tumor cells. Belonging to the same group in the periodic table as calcium, radium also exhibits similar bone seeking properties. Thus, 223Ra is one of the most potent sources for lethal irradiation of single cancer cells and micro-metastases in bones. A recommended dose of 55 kBq of 223Ra per kg of body weight is typically administered six times at an interval of 4 weeks in the form of
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