Theories of Populations in Biological Communities

When we wrote this book it was, admittedly, flrst of all for the sake of our own enjoyment and enlightenment. We will, however, add our sincerely meant (but rather traditional) hope that it will prove interesting to graduate students, to colleagues and to

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Volume 20

F. B. Christiansen

T. M. Fenchel

Theories of Populations in Biological C0111l11unities With 68 Figures

Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York 1977

Dr. FREDDY B. CHRISTIANSEN Professor TOM M. FENCHEL Institute of Ecology and Genetics University of Aarhus Ny Munkegade, Building 550 DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark

For explanation of the cover motive see legend to Fig. 40 (p. 71)

ISBN-13: 978-3-642-66528-8 DOl: 10.1007/978-3-642-66526-4

e-ISBN-13: 978-3-642-66526-4

L.ibrary of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data. Christiansen, Freddy B. 1946-. Theories of populations in biological communities. (Ecological studies; v. 20) Bibliography: p. Includes index. 1. Biotic communities. 2. Population biology. I. Fenchel. Tom, joint author. II. Title. III. Series. QH54I.C39.574.5'24.76-49871. This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned. specifically those of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, broadcasting, reproducing by photocopying machine of similar means, and storage in data banks. Under § 54 of the German Copyright L.aw where copies are made for other than private use, a fee is payable to the publisher, the amount of the fee to be determined by agreement with the publisher.

© by Springer-Verlag Berlin· Heidelberg 1977. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1977 The use of registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.

Preface When we wrote this book it was, admittedly, flrst of all for the sake of our own enjoyment and enlightenment. We will, however, add our sincerely meant (but rather traditional) hope that it will prove interesting to graduate students, to colleagues and to anyone else, who will bother to read it. The book was written as a joint effort by a theoretically inclined population geneticist and an experimental ecologist who share opinions on what is interesting in the fleld of theoretical ecology. While we believe that qualifled natural history is of indisputable intrinsic value, we think that ecology is a natural science which should have a theoretical framework. On the other hand, theoretical ecology must draw its inspiration from nature and yield results which give insight into the flndings of the naturalist and inspire him to make new observations and experiments. Without this relationship between fleld biology and theory, mathematical ecology may become a discipline totally divorced from biology and solve-albeit interesting-mathematical problems without signiflcance for ecology. Therefore, in addition to theoretical population biology (including some original models) the book also discusses observational data from nature to show how the theoretical models give new insight and how observations give rise to new theoretical thought. While no book on ecology could do without the mention of the hare-lynx example (a