Soil Biological Properties and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal Communities of Representative Crops Established in the Ande
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Soil Biological Properties and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal Communities of Representative Crops Established in the Andean Region from Ecuadorian Highlands María Eugenia Avila-Salem 1,2 & Fabián Montesdeoca 1,2 & Marco Orellana 1 & Katherine Pacheco 1 & Soraya Alvarado 1 & Ninozhka Becerra 2,3 & César Marín 4 & Fernando Borie 2,3 & Paula Aguilera 2,3 & Pablo Cornejo 2,3 Received: 23 January 2020 / Accepted: 18 June 2020 # Sociedad Chilena de la Ciencia del Suelo 2020
Abstract Biological activities determine quality, sustainability, health, and fertility of soils. The purpose of this study was to evaluate chemical and biological characteristics of soils from Ecuadorian highlands subjected to different management practices, as well as the density and diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). Soils from naturalized grasslands and other previously cropped plots with Zea mays and Solanum tuberosum were analyzed in laboratory for soil biochemical properties, enzyme activity, and AMF colonization to determine the effect of the soil management over its quality. The characterization of AMF propagules associated to spontaneously colonizing plants in the above soils was also performed. Soil previously cropped with S. tuberosum showed the highest glomalin content; at the same time, naturalized grassland and Z. mays cropped soils showed higher hyphal length. The acid phosphatase activity was higher in naturalized grasslands and Z. mays cropped soils compared with that in the S. tuberosum cropped soils. Moreover, the highest AMF colonization rates and spore number were found in different spontaneous plant species growing in the naturalized grasslands. This study represents the first characterization of AMF propagules of different cropped and naturalized grassland soils, and also is one of the first reports about changes on biochemical and microbial activities occurring in Andean soils from the highlands of Ecuador, undergoing determinant soil management activities. Keywords Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi . Enzyme activities . Grassland . Maize . Potato
1 Introduction Soil tillage deprives soil microorganisms from their primary carbon (C) energy source and exposes soil to negative climatic Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-020-00283-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Pablo Cornejo [email protected] 1
Facultad de Ciencias Agrícolas, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
2
Centro de Investigación en Micorrizas y Sustentabilidad Agroambiental (CIMYSA), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
3
Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus, (BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
4
Universidad de O’Higgins, Av. Libertador Bernardo O’Higgins 611, Rancagua, Chile
impacts (Lal and Stewart 2010; Farooq and Siddique 2015; Kumar et al. 2015). Intensive soil management systems as used in the highlands of Ecuador, including continuous tillage aimed to increase cr
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