Theory of Biological Cleanroom
Modern biological cleanroom was developed on the basis of the industrial cleanroom. Except for the common principles of the cleanroom, the specific principles for the control of biological particles should also be complied with. This chapter will illustra
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Theory of Biological Cleanroom
Modern biological cleanroom was developed on the basis of the industrial cleanroom. Except for the common principles of the cleanroom, the specific principles for the control of biological particles should also be complied with. This chapter will illustrate on these particularities.
9.1
Application of Biological Cleanrooms
The first biological cleanroom was built in the USA in Jan. 1996 as the operating room in hospital. Now, biological cleanroom has been widely used in astronavigation, medical science, pharmacy, microbiology, biological experiments, genetic engineering, instrument industry, and so on. In medical science, one of the applications of biological cleanroom is mainly the operating rooms for joint replacement, organ transplantation, cerebral surgery, and thoracic surgery. This effect is obvious. Table 9.1 is the statistical result of the infection rate after the operation of hip joint replacement [1]. Table 9.2 is the result with the culture on the wound smears directly in general operating room [2]. In clean operating room, the main pathogenic bacterium disappears near the wound area, which decreased the postoperative infection rate from 9 to 0.5 %. Yu Xihua emphasized that air cleaning is the main measure to remove airborne bacteria with the following examples [3]: Charnley et al. from the UK performed study for 15 years. When laminar flow cleanroom was used to replace the common operating room, the infection rate among more than 5,000 surgery cases decreased from 7.7 to 1.5 %. When the whole body suction suit was used, the infection rate among more than 6,000 surgery cases decreased further to 0.6 % [4]. During the study, the antibiotic was not used. Medical Research Committee of the UK (MRC) performed comparison researches for more than 8,000 surgical cases of hip joint replacement in 19 hospitals. The Z. Xu, Fundamentals of Air Cleaning Technology and Its Application in Cleanrooms, DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-39374-7_9, © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2014
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9 Theory of Biological Cleanroom
Table 9.1 Postoperative infection rate of hip replacement Air-conditioning methods in operation room General form: exhaust I type closed electric dust collector II type closed electric dust collector Vertical unidirectional flow cleanroom Vertical unidirectional flow cleanroom (improved operating cloth)
Time (year) 1961 1962 1963–1965
Air change rate (h1) – 10 80
CFU Operation Postoperative (#/h) number infection rate (%) 80–90 190 8.9 25 108 3.7 18
1,079
2.2
1966–1968 300
0
1,929
1.5
1969–1970 300
0
2,152
0.5
Table 9.2 Comparison of results on the wound smears Operating room General
Horizontal unidirectional flow
Number Polluted Percentage of smear number (%) Results with culture 84 24 28.5 Staphylococcus albus, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus, Sarcina, Streptococcus viridans, Coliform bacteria, Fungi 83 12 14.5 Staphylococcus albus, Coliform bacteria, Fungi
infection rate during 1–4 years was 0.6 %, while it is 1.5 % when the same operations were per
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