Theranostic applications of smart nanomedicines for tumor-targeted chemotherapy: a review
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REVIEW
Theranostic applications of smart nanomedicines for tumor‑targeted chemotherapy: a review Ajkia Zaman Juthi1 · Md Aquib2 · Muhammad Asim Farooq2 · Sana Ghayas3 · Farah Khalid3 · George Frimpong Boafo2 · Dickson Pius Wande4 · Daulat Haleem Khan5 · Tasnim Zaman Bithi6 · Rohit Bavi7 · Bo Wang2 Received: 15 May 2020 / Accepted: 2 June 2020 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract Cancer is the result of disturbed cell functions. Cancer is induced by the accumulation of many genetic and epigenetic changes within the cell, expressed in the accumulation of chromosomal or molecular aberrations, which then leads to genetic instability. Chemotherapy is a major option to treat cancer, yet classical treatments induce toxic effects. Alternatively, cancer nanomedicines with tumor-targeted properties are very promising for improved safety and efficacy. Nanomedicines are submicrometer formulations designed to improve the biodistribution of anticancer drugs, resulting in modified toxicity, less offtarget localization, enhanced efficacy and improved accumulation at the target site. For designing a targeted nanodrug system, the pathophysiological characteristics of tumors should be studied. This article explains how to make smart nanomedicines based on tumor-associated pathological features. Advantages include selective cell uptake, better drug release, increased therapeutic efficiency, receptor-mediated cell endocytosis, enhanced permeability and retention, and reduced systemic effects. Keywords Cancer therapy · Nanomedicines · Theranostic · Tumor targeting
Introduction Cancer is the result of disturbed cell function and is caused due to the alteration in the growth cycle of normal body cells. Cancer is the most deadly disease to which no thorough cure has invented around the world to date. Today’s Ajkia Zaman Juthi and Md Aquib have contributed equally to this work. * Rohit Bavi [email protected] * Bo Wang [email protected] 1
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Shushan District, East campus, Hefei City 230000, Anhui Province, People’s Republic of China
2
Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
3
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dow College of Pharmacy, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
cancer research is at the tip of the iceberg, and many findings of cancer research remain submerged in the ocean. Though chemotherapy is a traditional and an indispensable option for cancer treatment, most of the times cancer chemotherapies have several disadvantages, including their undesirable side effects such as myelosuppression and thrombocytopenia, mucositis and alopecia, which is the result of nonselective targeting of normal cells of healthy tissues (Rothan et al. 4
Department of Pharmaceutics, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65013, Dares Salaam, Tanzania
5
Department of Pharm
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