Thermal investigation and flow pattern analysis of a closed-loop pulsating heat pipe with binary mixtures
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(2020) 42:549
TECHNICAL PAPER
Thermal investigation and flow pattern analysis of a closed‑loop pulsating heat pipe with binary mixtures Burak Markal1 · Ramazan Varol1 Received: 18 June 2020 / Accepted: 6 September 2020 © The Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering 2020
Abstract The present study basically examines thermal performance and relevant flow phenomena of a flat plate closed-loop pulsating heat pipe (FP-CLPHP) filled with binary mixtures. The heat pipe has eight turns, each of which consisting of asymmetrical channel pairs having cross sections as 2 mm × 2 mm and 1 mm × 2 mm (width × height). Binary mixtures are generated as mixtures of ethanol (E) and pentane (P) with different mixing ratios. Mainly, effects of volume mixing ratio (E/P = 1:1, 1:3 and 3:1), vertical (90°) and horizontal orientation (0°) and filling ratio (30% and 60%) on thermal characteristics are investigated under different heat inputs. For examination of flow dynamics, images are obtained by using a high-speed camera at 1000 fps. The results show that variation of volumetric percentage of each component significantly changes thermal performance. Increasing pentane in the mixture improves the thermal performance, such that heat pipe with mixing ratio of E/P = 1:3 can properly operate even at horizontal position. On the other hand, increasing volume of ethanol in mixture leads to collapse of the FP-CLPHP at both orientations (0° and 90°). Generally, the filling ratio of 30% shows better thermal performance. Complex bubble–liquid interactions and dynamics play critical roles on thermal characteristics. Two novel characteristic phenomena are identified for non-uniform PHPs: (1) flooding phenomenon and (2) asymmetrical rapid bubble growth phenomenon. Keywords Thermal performance · Flow visualization · Bubble dynamics · Heat pipe List of symbols Abi Bubble interface area (m2) Aapp Shear force acting area (m2) Dh Hydraulic diameter (m) Qi Heat input (W) Qrh Removed heat via cooling water (W) Rth Total thermal resistance (°C W−1) T Temperature (°C) Greek symbols 𝛼 Angle between the heat pipe and horizontal position (°) 𝜇 Dynamic viscosity (Pa s)
Technical Editor: Ahmad Arabkoohsar. This article has been selected for a Topical Issue of this journal on Nanoparticles and Passive-Enhancement Methods in Energy. * Burak Markal [email protected] 1
Department of Energy Systems Engineering, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, 53100 Rize, Turkey
𝜎 Surface tension (N m−1) 𝜃 Contact angle (°) Subscripts c Condenser e Evaporator wi Cooling water inlet wo Cooling water outlet v Vapor Abbreviations FR Filling ratio HI Heat input IA Inclination angle PHP Pulsating heat pipe FP-CLPHP Flat plate closed-loop pulsating heat pipe
1 Introduction Passive thermal energy transporting methods are among the promising thermal management techniques for future technology. Sustainability and advancement of electromechanical systems which are inseparable part of our life is
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