Thermodynamics of copper matte converting: Part I. Fundamentals of the noranda process
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I. INTRODUCTION A m a t t e low in copper can be upgraded in a conv e r t e r by blowing a i r t h r o u g h t u y e r e s for oxidizing and s l a g g i n g the i r o n in the m a t t e . The white m e t a l r e s u l t i n g f r o m this u p g r a d i n g c o n v e r t i n g can be f u r t h e r oxidized to e l i m i n a t e s u l f u r p r o d u c i n g the b l i s t e r copper. The c o n v e n t i o n a l c o n v e r t i n g thus o p e r a t e s in two or m o r e d i s c o n t i n u o u s s t e p s . In cont r a s t , the N o r a n d a P r o c e s s is a continuous c o n v e r t i n g method to p r o d u c e m e t a l l i c copper or high grade matte in a single step f r o m sulfide concentr~ttes in a c o n v e r t e r - t y p e r e a c t o r .1-~ The b a s i c t h e r m o d y n a m i c p r i n c i p l e s in c o n t i n u o u s copper s m e l t i n g p r o c e s s e s have b e e n r e v i e w e d by Yazawa, 6 and J o h a n s e n , R o s e n q v i s t and T o r g e r s e n . 7 The e x p e r i m e n t a l a p p r o a c h to the a n a l y s i s of the phase r e l a t i o n s in c o n t i n u o u s c o p p e r - m a k i n g p r o c e s s e s has b e e n p u r s u e d by R o s e n q v i s t and c o w o r k e r s , 7'8 K u x m a n n and B u s m a n n , 9 and Yazawa and Eguchi. ~~ However, these e x p e r i m e n t a l s t u d i e s a r e c o n s i d e r e d to have b e e n s u b j e c t e d to s e r i o u s e r r o r s due to the fact that the SO2-Ar or SO2-N2 gas m i x t u r e s e m p l o y e d in t h e s e e x p e r i m e n t s p o s s e s s v e r y low d i s s o c i a t i o n p r e s s u r e s of r e d u c i n g ($2) and oxidizing (02) c o n s t i t u ents. These experimental results were therefore disc a r d e d in the p r e s e n t study. Instead, the p r e s e n t work is b a s e d on the t h e r m o d y n a m i c data of d i s c r e t e m a t t e and slag, which have b e e n e s t a b l i s h e d u s i n g the COC02 or H2-H2S gas. The present work presents a new computer-oriented model of the chemical thermodynamics of matte converting or the Noranda Process in particular. The thermodynamic analysis is based on molecular theory of matte and slag and incorporates knowndata into a flexible model describing the effects of key process parameters on the chemistry of the operation. The computer-analytical method used here is based in M. NAGAMORIis with Centre de Recherche Industrielle du Qu6bec, Ste-Foy, Qu6bec, GIV 4C7, Canada. P. J. MACKEY is Smelter Technical Superintendent, Noranda Mines Limited, Noranda, Qu6bec, J9X-5B6, Canada. Manuscript sumibtted August 3, 1977. METALLURGICALTRANSACTIONS B
p a r t on the study of c o n v e r t i n g r e a c t i o n s of n i c k e l copper m a t t e , 11 and i n t e g r a t e s a c o m p l e t e b a n k of a v a i l a b l e i n f o r m a t i o n into one s i n g l e model. The m o d e l c a n p r o v i d e p r e d i c t i o n s for s t e a d y - s t a t e o p e r a tion of the c o m m e r c i a l p r o c e s s .
H. CHOICE
OF VARIABLES
The most basic system of the Noranda
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