Thermoelectric Properties of n-type PEDOT:PSS/Boron Phosphate Hybrid Composites
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https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-020-08506-y Ó 2020 The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society
Thermoelectric Properties of n-type PEDOT:PSS/Boron Phosphate Hybrid Composites VOLKAN UGRASKAN
1,2
and FERDANE KARAMAN1,3
1.—Department of Chemistry, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul 34220, Turkey. 2.—e-mail: [email protected]. 3.—e-mail: [email protected]
In the present study, thermoelectric properties of composites formed by poly (3,4-ethylenedioxy thiophene):poly (styrene-4-sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS)/boron phosphate (BPO4) were studied. First, BPO4 was synthesized at 1000°C using boric acid and phosphoric acid as precursors. Later, PEDOT:PSS was synthesized by oxidative chemical polymerization reaction at room temperature. Their composites were prepared in different mass ratios by ultrasonic homogenization. The composites were characterized using ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis.), attenuated total reflection accessory attached Fourier transform infrared (FTIR-ATR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray analyzer (SEM–EDX). The power factor of the sample was obtained using the electrical conductivity and Seebeck coefficient measurements. The positive sign of Seebeck coefficient of the pristine PEDOT:PSS turned to the negative, which is the characteristic of ntype material, by addition of BPO4. The power factor of PEDOT:PSS was increased from 0.03 lWm1 K2 to 252 lWm1 K2 for the composite containing 25% BPO4 by weight. This indicates that BPO4 can be a good additive to prepare n-type TE material.
(Received May 26, 2020; accepted September 21, 2020)
Ugraskan, and Karaman
Graphic Abstract
Key words: PEDOT:PSS, thermoelectric, boron phosphate, hybrid composite
INTRODUCTION Thermoelectric (TE) power generation is an easy way to convert thermal energy directly to electrical energy.1 TE generators have very attractive features such as light weight, low noise level, long lifetime and non-polluting for the environment. As global warming has increased, interest in TE generators, which consume waste heat, has increased, and therefore, the need to prepare efficient TE materials has increased significantly in recent years. The energy conversion efficiency of TE material is determined by the dimensionless figure of merit: ZT ¼ S2 rT=j
ð1Þ
where r, S, j, and T are related to electrical conductivity, Seebeck coefficient, thermal conductivity, and absolute operating temperature, respectively (Eq. 1).2–4
A TE generator is fabricated using p- and n-type TE material pairs. The main charge carriers of ptype materials are holes, while those of n-types are electrons. Although there has been a great improvement in p-type materials recently, n-type materials are far behind compared to their counterparts due to their electron trapping problem.5 The traditional TE materials developed since the 1950s to the present are generally inorganic compounds including metal chalcogenides (PbTe, Bi2Te3),6,7 metal oxides (NaxCoO2, ZnO),8,9 and silicon-based materials (SiGe, Mg2Si).
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